Editing Chhattisgarh (section)

== Economy ==
{{Infobox economy
| country = Chhattisgarh
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| gdp = {{INRConvert|6.359|lc}} (2025–26 est.)<ref name="Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24"/>
| gdp rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|17th]]
| growth = 8% (2020–21)<ref name="Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24" />
| per capita = {{INRConvert|152348}} (2023–24)<ref name="Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24" />
| per capita rank = 
| sectors = Agriculture 32% <br /> Industry 32% <br /> Services 36% (2023–24)<ref name="Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24" />
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| debt = 23.8% of GSDP (2023–24 est.)<ref name="Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24" />
| balance = {{INRConvert|-17461|c}} (3.33% of GSDP) (2023–24 est.)<ref name="Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24" />
| revenue = {{INRConvert|106301|c}} (2023–24 est.)<ref name="Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24" />
| expenses = {{INRConvert|121495|c}} (2023–24 est.)<ref name="Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24"/>
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| spelling = Oxford
| presentUS$asdefault = no
}}

Chhattisgarh's nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) is estimated at {{INRConvert|5.09|lc}} in 2023–24, the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|17th]] largest state economy in India. The economy of Chhattisgarh recorded a growth rate of 11.2% in 2023–24.<ref name="Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24">{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Budget Analysis 2023-24 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/chhattisgarh-budget-analysis-2023-24 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726083529/https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/chhattisgarh-budget-analysis-2023-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chhattisgarh's success factors in achieving high growth rate are growth in agriculture and industrial production.

[[File:GEVRA DUMPERS.jpg|thumb|GEVRA DUMPERS]]
[[File:NTPC Korba Power Plant - panoramio.jpg|thumb|NTPC Korba Power Plant - panoramio]]

=== Agriculture ===
Agriculture is counted as the chief economic occupation of the state. According to a government estimate, the net sown area of the state is 4.828&nbsp;million hectares and the gross sown area is 5.788&nbsp;million hectares.<ref name="Agriculture in Chhattisgarh">{{cite web|title=Agriculture in Chhattisgarh |url=http://cg.gov.in/development/cdevelopment.htm#irrigation |access-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155523/http://cg.gov.in/development/cdevelopment.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> Horticulture and animal husbandry also engage a major share of the total population of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economy of Chhattisgarh|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/economy/|access-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507072918/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/economy/|archive-date=7 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> About 80% of the population of the state is rural and the main livelihood of the villagers is agriculture and agriculture-based small industry.

The majority of the farmers are still practicing the traditional methods of cultivation, resulting in low growth rates and productivity. The farmers have to be made aware of modern technologies suitable to their holdings. Providing adequate knowledge to the farmers is essential for a better implementation of the agricultural development plans and to improve productivity.<ref name="nhm.nic.in">http://nhm.nic.in/ActionPlan/ActionPlan_Chhattisgarh.pdf{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Considering this and a very limited irrigated area, the productivity of not only rice but also other crops is low, hence the farmers are unable to obtain economic benefits from agriculture and it has remained as subsistence agriculture till now.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Chloroxylon from India.JPG|Chloroxylon is used for pest management in organic rice cultivation in Chhattisgarh
File:Medicinal Rice.jpg|Medicinal rice of Chhattisgarh used as an immune booster
File:Aloe Farming.jpg|Aloe vera farming in Chhattisgarh
File:Gulbakawali Farming.jpg|Herbal farming in Chhattisgarh: Gulbakawali
</gallery>

==== Agricultural products ====
The main crops are rice, maize,<ref>Oudhia, P. (1999) Allelopathic effects of Lantana camara L. on germination of soybean. Legume Research 22(4): 273–274.</ref> ''kodo-kutki'' and other small millets and pulses (''tuar''<ref>Oudhia, P. (2000). Positive (inhibitory) allelopathic effects of some obnoxious weeds on germination and seedling vigour of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.). Research on Crops. 1 (1):116–118.</ref> and ''kulthi''); oilseeds, such as groundnuts (peanuts), soybeans<ref>Oudhia, P. (2001). Stimulatory allelopathic effects of Ageratum conyzoides L. on soybean. Agric. Sci. Digest. 21 (1):55–56.</ref> and sunflowers are also grown. In the mid-1990s, most of Chhattisgarh was still a monocrop belt. Only one-fourth to one-fifth of the sown area was double-cropped. When a very substantial portion of the population is dependent on agriculture, a situation where nearly 80% of a state's area is covered only by one crop, immediate attention to turn them into double crop areas is needed. Also, very few cash crops are grown in Chhattisgarh, so there is a need to diversify the agricultural produce towards oilseeds and other cash crops. Chhattisgarh is also called the "rice bowl of central India".<ref name="Agriculture in Chhattisgarh" />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Kodo Millet in Chhattisgarh.jpg|Kodo Millet is used as a life-saving medicine in Chhattisgarh
File:Bastar Beer.jpg|Bastar beer prepared from Sulfi
</gallery>

==== Irrigation ====
[[File:Amritdhara chirimiri.jpg|thumb|Amritdhara chirimiri]]
In Chhattisgarh, rice, the main crop, is grown on about 77% of the net sown area. Only about 20% of the area is under irrigation; the rest depends on rain. Of the three agroclimatic zones, about 73% of the Chhattisgarh plains, 97% of the Bastar plateau, and 95% of the northern hills are rainfed. The irrigated area available for double cropping is only 87,000&nbsp;ha in the Chhattisgarh plains and 2300&nbsp;ha in Bastar plateau and northern hills. Due to this, the productivity of rice and other crops is low, hence the farmers are unable to obtain economic benefits from agriculture and it has remained as subsistence agriculture till now, though agriculture is the main occupation of more than 80% of the population.<ref name="nhm.nic.in" />

In the Chhattisgarh region, about 22% of the net cropped area was under irrigation as compared to 36.5% in Madhya Pradesh in 1998–99, whereas the average national irrigation was about 40%. The irrigation is characterised by a high order of variability ranging from 1.6% in Bastar to 75.0% in Dhamtari. Based on an average growth trend in the irrigated area, about 0.43% of additional area is brought under irrigation every year as compared to 1.89% in Madhya Pradesh and 1.0% in the country as a whole. Thus, irrigation has been growing at a very low rate in Chhattisgarh and the pace of irrigation is so slow, that it would take about 122 years to reach the 75% level of net irrigated area in Chhattisgarh at the present rate of growth.<ref name="nhm.nic.in" />

Chhattisgarh has a limited [[irrigation]] system, with dams and [[canal]]s on some rivers. Average rainfall in the state is around 1400&nbsp;mm and the entire state falls under the rice agroclimatic zone. The Large variation in the yearly rainfall directly affects the production of rice. Irrigation is the prime need of the state for its overall development and therefore the state government has given top priority to the development of irrigation.<ref name="Agriculture in Chhattisgarh" />

A total of four major, 33 medium, and 2199 minor irrigation projects have been completed and five major, nine medium, and 312 minor projects are under construction, as of 31 March 2006.{{Update inline|date=August 2019|reason=These numbers are from over ten years ago. Needs updating}}

=== Industrial sector ===

==== Power sector ====
Chhattisgarh is one of the few states of India where the power sector is effectively developed. Based on the current production of surplus electric power, the position of the State is comfortable and profitable. The Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) is in a strong position to meet the electricity requirement of the state and is in good financial health. According to [[Central Electricity Authority (India)|Central Electricity Authority]] (CEA), Chhattisgarh provides electricity to several other states because of surplus production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/chhattisgarh-is-power-surplus-state--confirms-cea-report.html|title=Chhattisgarh is power surplus state, confirms CEA report|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231114615/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/chhattisgarh-is-power-surplus-state--confirms-cea-report.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Chhattisgarh, [[National Thermal Power Corporation Limited]] (NTPC) has [[Sipat Thermal Power Station]] with a capacity of 2,980 MW at Sipat, Bilaspur; [[LARA Super Thermal Power Station]] with a nameplate capacity of 1600MW and [[Korba Super Thermal Power Station]] with a capacity of 2,600 MW at Korba, while CSEB's units have a thermal capacity of 1,780 MW and hydel capacity of 130 MW. Apart from NTPC and CSEB, there are several private generation units of large and small capacity. The state government has pursued a liberal policy with regard to captive generation which has resulted in a number of private companies coming up.<ref name="Power Sector in Chhattisgarh">{{cite web|title=Power Sector in Chhattisgarh|url=http://cserc.nic.in/power_sector.htm|access-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211023325/http://www.cserc.nic.in/power_sector.htm|archive-date=11 December 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The state has a potential of 61,000 MW of additional thermal power in terms of availability of coal for more than 100 years and more than 2,500 MW hydel capacity. To use this vast potential, substantial additions to the existing generation capacity are already underway.<ref name="Power Sector in Chhattisgarh" />

==== Steel sector ====
The steel industry is one of the biggest heavy industries of Chhattisgarh. [[Bhilai Steel Plant|Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai]] operated by [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]], with a capacity of 5.4&nbsp;million tonnes per year, is regarded as a significant growth indicator of the state. More than 100 steel rolling mills, 90 sponge iron plants, and ferro-alloy units are in Chhattisgarh. Along with Bhilai, today Jagdalpur, Raipur, Bilaspur, Korba and Raigarh have become the steel hub of Chhattisgarh. Today, Raipur and Jagdalpur has become the centre of the steel sector, the biggest market for steel in India.<ref name="Industries in Chhattisgarh">{{cite web|title=Industries in Chhattisgarh|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/economy/chhattisgarh-industries.html|access-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810083204/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/economy/chhattisgarh-industries.html|archive-date=10 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:RID2433a.jpg|thumb]]

==== Aluminium sector ====
The aluminium industry of Chhattisgarh was established by the erstwhile [[Bharat Aluminium Company]] (now [[Vedanta Resources]]) in [[Korba, Chhattisgarh]], which has a capacity of around 5,700,000 tonnes each year.<ref name="Industries in Chhattisgarh" />

=== Natural resources ===
'''Gevra, Dipka, Kusmunda''' open cast coal mines in [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]] are the largest in India and the biggest man-made structure visible in satellite images of India. Major coal companies are [[South Eastern Coalfields|SECL]], [[Adani Group|Adani]], [[Jindal Steel and Power|Jindal]] which operate multiple coal mines across northeast Chhattisgarh.

====Central India Coalfields====
The  [[Central India coalfields|Central India Coalfields]] are spread over the districts of [[Surguja district|Surguja]], [[Koriya district|Koriya]] (both in Chhattisgarh), [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]] and [[Umaria district|Umaria]] (both in Madhya Pradesh). The group covers an area of about {{convert|5345|km2}} with estimated reserves of 15,613.98 million tonnes. The deposits are at a depth of 0–1200 meters. Therefore, extraction is mainly amenable to underground mining except for a few blocks in the eastern part of these coalfields which have opencast potential.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://secl.gov.in/ | title = Central India Coalfields | work = Coalfields | publisher = South Eastern Coalfields Ltd | access-date = 2011-09-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110902005800/http://secl.gov.in/ | archive-date = 2011-09-02 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

'''Jhilimili Coalfield''' located in [[Surguja district]] is spread over an area of {{convert|180|km2}}. Estimated total reserves are 215.31 million tonnes, out of which about half have been indicated to be Grade I.<ref>Shri Kamal Sharma, Resource Development in Tribal India, p. 166, 1989, Northern Book Centre, 4221/1 Ansari Road, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-85119-57-0}}</ref> According to the [[Geological Survey of India]], total reserves of non-coking coal (as of 1 January 2004) in Jhilimili Coalfield (up to a depth of 300m) was 267.10 million tonnes.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/IndiaCoalResources2004.pdf| title =Coal Resources of India (As on 1.1.2004)| publisher =Coal Wing, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata| access-date =2011-09-06| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120327022156/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/IndiaCoalResources2004.pdf| archive-date =2012-03-27}}</ref>

The '''Sonhat''' is a large coal field representing one of the largest [[coal]] reserves in [[India]] having estimated reserves of 2.67 billion tonnes of [[coal]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://ibm.nic.in/IMYB%202011_Coal%20&%20Lignite.pdf|title=Coal in India|year=2012|publisher=ibm.nic.in|accessdate=2013-07-23|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811050549/http://ibm.nic.in/IMYB%202011_Coal%20%26%20Lignite.pdf|archivedate=2013-08-11}}</ref>

'''Bisrampur coal field''' represents one of the largest [[coal]] reserves in [[India]] having estimated reserves of 1.61 billion tonnes of [[coal]].<ref name="auto1"/>

'''Chirimiri Coalfield''' is located in the valley of the [[Hasdeo River]], a tributary of the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]]. Opened in 1930 with production starting in 1932, and has been owned by several companies and owners such as Chirimiri Colliery Company Pvt. Ltd., Dababhoy's New Chirimiri Ponri Hill Company (Private) Limited, United Collieries Limited, K.N. Dhady and Indra Singh & Sons (Private) Limited. These were nationalized in 1973.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
This coalfield is spread over {{convert|125| km2}} of hilly country and includes both the sections – Kurasia and Chirimiri. Total reserves in the Chirimiri coalfield have been estimated to be around 312.11 million tonnes.<ref name=sharma>Shri Kamal Sharma, Resource Development in Tribal India, p. 165, 1989, Northern Book Centre, 4221/1 Ansari Road, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-85119-57-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://chhattisgarhmines.gov.in/Coal.htm | title = Coal Deposits in Chhattisgarh | last =  | first =  | publisher = Directorate of Geology and Mining, Chhattisgarh | accessdate = 2011-09-06 | archive-date = 13 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813125126/http://chhattisgarhmines.gov.in/Coal.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> According to [[Geological Survey of India]] reserves of non-coking coal up to a depth of 300 m in Chirimiri Coalfield was 362.16 million tonnes.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/IndiaCoalResources2004.pdf | title =Coal Resources of India (As on 1.1.2004) | publisher =Coal Wing, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata | accessdate =2011-09-08 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120327022156/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/IndiaCoalResources2004.pdf | archive-date =2012-03-27 | url-status =dead }}</ref>

====South Chhattisgarh coalfields====
The [[South Chhattisgarh coalfields|South Chhattisgarh Coalfields]] are made up of the Mand Raigarh, Korba, and Hasdo Arand coalfields. Of at least twelve seams in the Mand Valley, the Mand and Taraimar seams are important.<ref>Shri Kamal Sharma, Spatial Framework and Economic Development, Northern Book Centre, 4221/1 Daryaganj, Ansari Road, New Delhi 110 002, 2000, p. 158, {{ISBN|81-7211-111-8}}</ref>

'''Mand Raigarh Coalfield''' includes the areas earlier known as North Raigarh, South Raigarh, and Mand River Coalfields and is located in [[Raigarh district]] and lies in the valley of the [[Mand River]], a tributary of the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]]. This coalfield is spread over an area of {{convert|520|km2}}. The field has a potential for mining power-grade coal, much of which can be extracted through open-cast mining. Gare block has been identified for captive mining by private companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geologydata.info/coal_03.htm |title=Mand Raigarh Coalfields |publisher=geologyata.info |accessdate=2011-09-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331115928/http://www.geologydata.info/coal_03.htm |archivedate=2012-03-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://secl.nic.in/mcoalfields.htm |title = Mand Raigarh Coalfields |last =  |first =  |publisher = South Eastern Coalfields |accessdate = 2011-09-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110907070627/http://www.secl.nic.in/mcoalfields.htm |archive-date = 2011-09-07 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the [[Geological Survey of India]] total reserves (including proved, indicated, and inferred reserves) of non-coking coal in the Mand Raigarh Coalfield is 18,532.93 million tonnes. Out of this 13,868.20 million tonnes is up to a depth of 300 metres, 4569.51 million tonnes is at a depth of 300–600 metres and 95.22 million tonnes is at a depth of 600–1200 m.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/IndiaCoalResources2004.pdf| title =Coal Resources of India (As on 1.1.2004)| publisher =Coal Wing, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata| accessdate =2011-09-19| url-status =dead| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20120327022156/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/IndiaCoalResources2004.pdf| archivedate =2012-03-27}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
Maikal Hills.jpg|Mineral deposits in the Maikal Hills
Mineral wealth of Chhattisgarh.jpg|Mineral Wealth from Chandidongri
</gallery>

==== Mineral deposits ====
Chhattisgarh is rich in minerals. It produces 50% of the country's total cement production. Due to its proximity to the western States of Maharashtra and Gujarat, it has the highest producing [[coal mine]]s in India. It has the highest output of coal in the country with the second-highest reserves. It is third in iron ore production and first in tin production. [[Limestone]], [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] and [[bauxite]] are abundant. It is the only [[tin]] ore-producing state in India. Other commercially extracted minerals include [[corundum]], [[garnet]], [[quartz]], [[marble]], [[alexandrite]] and diamonds.

Rowghat iron ore deposits are located in the Antagarh Tahsil of [[Kanker district]] and contain the largest [[iron ore]] deposits after the Bailadila Iron Ore Mine. Rowghat Mines' reserves have been assessed at 731.93 Mn tonnes. Bailadila has reserves assessed at 1.343 Bn tonnes.<ref name="chhattisgarhmines.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://chhattisgarhmines.gov.in/Iron-Ore.htm |title=Directorate of Geology and Mining, Chhattisgarh &#124; Directorate of Geology &#124; Chhattisgarh Mines &#124; Mines Chhattisgarh &#124; State Mines &#124; Department of Steel & Mines |access-date=2012-02-22 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165825/http://chhattisgarhmines.gov.in/Iron-Ore.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iron ore deposits in Rowghat were discovered in 1899 and in 1949 [[Geological Survey of India]] investigated the area.<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{Cite web|url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/sc-flags-green-signal-for-forestry-clearance-to-rowghat/372170/0|title = SC flags green signal for forestry clearance to Rowghat|date = 13 October 2008|access-date = 16 March 2024|archive-date = 28 March 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162226/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/sc-flags-green-signal-for-forestry-clearance-to-rowghat/372170/|url-status = live}}</ref>
Rowghat deposit is {{convert|29|km|abbr=on}} NNW of Narayanpur, and about {{convert|140|km|abbr=on}} from [[Jagdalpur]]. Fe content varies in the various blocks - A Block (62.58% Fe), B Block (50.29% Fe), C Block (57.00% Fe), D Block (60.00% Fe), E Block (52.93% Fe), and F Block (59.62% Fe).

=== Information and technologies ===
In recent years, Chhattisgarh has also received exposure in [[information technology]] (IT) projects and consultancy. Its government is also promoting IT and has set up a body to take care of IT solutions. The body, known as CHiPS, is providing large IT projects such as Choice, Swan, and so forth.

=== Major companies ===
Major companies with a presence in the state include:
* Metal: [[Bhilai Steel Plant]], [[Jindal Steel and Power]], [[Bharat Aluminium Company]]
* Oil: [[Indian Oil Corporation]], [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]]
* Mining: [[National Mineral Development Corporation|NMDC]], [[South Eastern Coalfields]]
* Power : [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]], [[Lanco Infratech]], [[KSK Energy Ventures]], [[Jindal Power Limited]]

=== Exports ===
Chhattisgarh's total exports were US$353.3&nbsp;million in 2009–10. Nearly 75% of exports come from Bhilai and the remaining are from Urla, Bhanpuri, and Sirgitti. The major export products include steel, handicrafts, handlooms, blended yarn, food and agri-products, iron, aluminum, cement, minerals, and engineering products. CSIDC (Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation Limited) is the nodal agency of the government of Chhattisgarh for export promotion in the state.

=== Media ===
Mainline print media present in Chhattisgarh are [[Hari Bhoomi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/local/chhattisgarh|title=Chhattisgarh News, CG News, Chhattisgarh News in Hindi, Coronavirus Update|website=www.haribhoomi.com|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710091039/https://www.haribhoomi.com/local/chhattisgarh|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dainik Bhaskar]], [[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika]], Navabharat, and Nai Duniya.