Editing Charlemagne (section)

===Final years and death===
[[File:Shroud of Charlemagne manufactured in Constantinople 814.jpg|thumb|upright=1|A portion of Charlemagne's death [[shroud]]. Illustrating a [[quadriga]] (a four-horse chariot), it was manufactured in [[Constantinople]].]]
The Carolingian dynasty experienced a number of losses in 810 and 811, when Charlemagne's sister [[Gisela, Abbess of Chelles|Gisela]], his daughter Rotrude, and his sons Pepin the Hunchback, Pepin of Italy, and Charles the Younger died.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=440, 453}} The deaths of Charles and Pepin of Italy left Charlemagne's earlier plans for succession in disarray. He declared Pepin of Italy's son [[Bernard of Italy|Bernard]] ruler of Italy and made his own only surviving son, Louis, heir to the rest of the empire.{{sfn|Collins|1998|p=158}} Charlemagne also made a new [[Testament of Charlemagne|will]] detailing the disposal of his property at his death, with bequests to the church, his children, and his grandchildren.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=468–470}} Einhard (possibly relying on [[Trope (literature)|tropes]] from Suetonius's ''[[The Twelve Caesars]]'') says that Charlemagne viewed the deaths of his family members, his fall from a horse, astronomical phenomena, and the collapse of part of the palace in his last years as signs of his impending death.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=480–481}} Charlemagne continued to govern with energy during his final year, ordering bishops to assemble in five ecclesiastical councils.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=478–480}} These culminated in a large assembly at Aachen, where Charlemagne crowned Louis as his co-emperor and Bernard as king in a ceremony on 11 September 813.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=476}}

Charlemagne became ill in the autumn of 813 and spent his last months praying, fasting, and studying the [[gospel]]s.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=480–481}} He developed [[pleurisy]], and was bedridden for seven days before dying on the morning of 28 January 814.{{sfn|Fried|2016|p=514}} [[Thegan of Trier|Thegan]], a biographer of Louis, records the emperor's last words as "Into your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit" (quoting from {{Bibleverse|Luke|23:46}}).{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=481}} Charlemagne's body was prepared and buried in the [[Palatine Chapel, Aachen|chapel at Aachen]] by his daughters and palace officials that day.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=482–483}} Louis arrived at Aachen thirty days after his father's death, making a formal {{lang|la|[[Adventus (ceremony)|adventus]]}} and taking charge of the palace and the empire.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=483–484}} Charlemagne's remains were exhumed by Holy Roman Emperor [[Frederick Barbarossa]] in 1165, and reinterred in a new casket by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] in 1215.{{sfn|Fried|2016|p=520}}

{{Multiple image
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| image1            = AachenerDomSarg.jpg
| width1            =
| alt1              = An ornate marble sarcophagus
| caption1          = The [[Proserpina sarcophagus]] in which Charlemagne is thought to have been originally buried
| image2            = Regione mosana, karlsschrein, reliquiario a cassa di carlomagno, 1182-1215, 06.jpg
| width2            =
| alt2              = Another ornate, darker sarcophagus
| caption2          = The [[Karlsschrein]], in which Frederick II reinterred Charlemagne in 1215
}}