Editing Celtic Christianity (section)

====Ireland====
{{further|Termonn}}
Finnian of Clonard is said to have trained the [[Twelve Apostles of Ireland]] at [[Clonard Abbey]]. 
[[File:BookMullingFol193StJohnPortrait.jpg|thumb|[[John the Evangelist|Saint John]], [[evangelist portrait]] from the [[Book of Mulling]], Irish, late 8th century]]
The achievements of [[insular art]], in [[illuminated manuscript]]s like the [[Book of Kells]], [[high cross]]es, and metalwork like the [[Ardagh Chalice]] remain very well known, and in the case of manuscript decoration had a profound influence on Western medieval art.<ref>{{harvnb|Nordenfalk|1977}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}; {{harvnb|Pächt|1986}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> The manuscripts were certainly produced by and for monasteries, and the evidence suggests that metalwork was produced in both monastic and royal workshops, perhaps as well as secular commercial ones.<ref>{{harvnb|Youngs|1989|pp=15–16, 125}}</ref>

In the 6th and 7th centuries, Irish monks established monastic institutions in parts of modern-day Scotland (especially Columba, also known as ''Colmcille'' or, in [[Old Irish]], ''Colum Cille''), and on the [[Continental Europe|continent]], particularly in Gaul (especially Columbanus). Monks from Iona Abbey under [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|St. Aidan]] founded the See of Lindisfarne in Anglo-Saxon Northumbria in 635, whence Gaelic-Irish practice heavily influenced northern England.

Irish monks also founded monasteries across the continent, exerting influence greater than many more ancient continental centres.<ref>{{harvnb|John|2000|p=36}}</ref> The first issuance of a papal privilege granting a monastery freedom from episcopal oversight was that of Pope Honorius I to [[Bobbio Abbey]], one of Columbanus's institutions.<ref>{{harvnb|John|2000|p=37}}</ref>

At least in Ireland, the monastic system became increasingly secularised from the 8th century, as close ties between ruling families and monasteries became apparent. The major monasteries were now wealthy in land and had political importance. On occasion they made war either upon each other or took part in secular wars – a battle in 764 is supposed to have killed 200 from [[Durrow Abbey]] when they were defeated by [[Clonmacnoise]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hughes|2005|p=317}}</ref> From early periods the kin nature of many monasteries had meant that some married men were part of the community, supplying labour and with some rights, including in the election of abbots (but obliged to abstain from sex during fasting periods). Some abbacies passed from father to son, and then even grandsons.<ref>{{harvnb|Hughes|2005|pp=313, 316, 319}}</ref> A revival of the [[ascetic]] tradition came in the second half of the century{{which|date=November 2022}}, with the [[culdee]] or "clients ([[vassal]]s) of God" movement founding new monasteries detached from family groupings.<ref>{{harvnb|Hughes|2005|pp=319–320}}</ref>