Editing Candide (section)

=== Derivative works ===
[[File:Leonard Bernstein NYWTS 1955.jpg|thumb|[[Leonard Bernstein]] in 1955]]

In 1760, one year after Voltaire published ''Candide'', a sequel was published with the name {{lang|fr|[[Candide, Part II|Candide, ou l'optimisme, seconde partie]]}}.<ref name="astbury503">Astbury (2005), p. 503</ref> This work is attributed both to [[Thorel de Campigneulles]], a writer unknown today, and [[Henri Joseph Du Laurens]], who is suspected of having habitually [[plagiarise]]d Voltaire.<ref>Clark (1993), pp. VIII, IX</ref> The story continues in this sequel with Candide having new adventures in the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Afsharid dynasty|Persia]], and [[History of Denmark#Absolutism|Denmark]]. ''Part II'' has potential use in studies of the popular and literary receptions of ''Candide'', but is almost certainly [[apocrypha]]l.<ref name="astbury503" /> In total, by the year 1803, at least ten imitations of ''Candide'' or continuations of its story were published by authors other than Voltaire.<ref name=mason1315/>

''Candide'' was adapted for the radio anthology program ''[[On Stage (radio show)|On Stage]]'' in 1953. Richard Chandlee wrote the script; [[Elliott Lewis (actor)|Elliott Lewis]], [[Cathy Lewis]], [[Edgar Barrier]], [[Byron Kane]], [[Jack Kruschen]], [[Howard McNear]], [[Larry Thor]], [[Martha Wentworth]], and [[Ben Wright (English actor)|Ben Wright]] performed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grams |first=Martin |date=2008-02-27 |title=Radio Drama: A Comprehensive Chronicle of American Network Programs, 1932–1962 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0786438716 |oclc=188535974}}</ref>

The operetta ''[[Candide (operetta)|Candide]]'' was originally conceived by playwright [[Lillian Hellman]], as a play with incidental music. [[Leonard Bernstein]], the American [[composer]] and [[Conductor (music)|conductor]] who wrote the music, was so excited about the project that he convinced Hellman to do it as a "comic operetta".<ref>Peyser (1987), p. 247</ref> Many lyricists worked on the show, including [[James Agee]], [[Dorothy Parker]], [[John La Touche (musician)|John Latouche]], [[Richard Wilbur]], Leonard and [[Felicia Bernstein]], and Hellman. [[Hershy Kay]] orchestrated all the pieces except for the [[overture]], which Bernstein did himself.<ref name = peyser248/>  ''Candide'' first opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] as a [[musical theatre|musical]] on 1 December 1956. The premier production was directed by [[Tyrone Guthrie]] and conducted by [[Samuel Krachmalnick]].<ref name=peyser248>Peyser (1987), p. 248</ref> While this production was a box office flop, the music was highly praised, and an original cast album was made. The album gradually became a cult hit, but Hellman's libretto was criticised as being too serious an adaptation of Voltaire's novel.<ref>Peyser (1987), pp. 249–251</ref> ''Candide'' has been revised and reworked several times. The first New York revival, directed by [[Hal Prince]], featured an entirely new libretto by [[Hugh Wheeler]] and additional lyrics by [[Stephen Sondheim]]. Bernstein revised the work again in 1987 with the collaboration of [[John Mauceri]] and [[John Wells (satirist)|John Wells]]. After Bernstein's death, further revised productions of the musical were performed in versions prepared by [[Trevor Nunn]] and [[John Caird (director)|John Caird]] in 1999, and [[Mary Zimmerman]] in 2010.

The BBC produced a television adaptation in 1973, with [[Ian Ogilvy]] as Candide, [[Emrys James]] as Dr. Pangloss, and [[Frank Finlay]] as Voltaire himself, acting as the narrator.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150024120 |title=Candide |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |website=Collections Search |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=23 July 2018 }}</ref>

''{{Interlanguage link multi|Candido, ovvero un sogno fatto in Sicilia|it}}'' (1977) or simply {{lang|it|Candido}} is a book by [[Leonardo Sciascia]]. It was at least partly based on Voltaire's ''Candide'', although the actual influence of ''Candide'' on {{lang|it|Candido}} is a hotly debated topic. A number of theories on the matter have been proposed. Proponents of one say that {{lang|it|Candido}} is very similar to ''Candide'', only with a happy ending; supporters of another claim that Voltaire provided Sciascia with only a starting point from which to work, that the two books are quite distinct.<ref name=morrison59>Morrison (2002), p. 59</ref><ref>Burns (2000), p. 992</ref>

[[Nedim Gürsel]] wrote his 2001 novel ''Le voyage de Candide à Istanbul'' about a minor passage in ''Candide'' during which its protagonist meets [[Ahmed III]], the deposed [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] [[sultan]]. This chance meeting on a ship from Venice to Istanbul is the setting of Gürsel's book.<ref name=hitchins160>Hitchins (2002), p. 160</ref> [[Terry Southern]], in writing his popular novel ''[[Candy (Southern and Hoffenberg novel)|Candy]]'' with [[Mason Hoffenberg]] adapted ''Candide'' for a modern audience and changed the protagonist from male to female. ''Candy'' deals with the rejection of a sort of optimism which the author sees in women's magazines of the modern era; ''Candy'' also parodies [[pornography]] and [[popular psychology]]. This adaptation of ''Candide'' [[Candy (1968 film)|was adapted for the cinema]] by director [[Christian Marquand]] in 1968.<ref name=silva784785>Silva (2000), pp. 784–785</ref>

In addition to the above, ''Candide'' was made into a number of minor films and theatrical adaptations throughout the twentieth century. For a list of these, see {{lang|fr|Voltaire: Candide ou L'Optimisme et autres contes}} (1989) with preface and commentaries by Pierre Malandain.<ref>Malandain (1989)</ref>
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FILM: ___ 1960 Norbert Carbonnaux. ''Candide (The Twentieth Century Optimist)'' <ref name=silva783> Silva (2000), p. 783</ref>

Adaptations of ''Candide'' include a modern version in ''X Out of Wonderland'' (2005) by [[David Allan Cates]].<ref> Cates (2005) </ref> There is also the much older adaptation ''[[Fanfluche]]'' (1892) by [[Quatrelles]].<ref> Gullette (1934), pp. 93–107</ref>
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In May 2009, a play titled ''Optimism'', based on ''Candide'', opened at the [[CUB Malthouse Theatre]] in Melbourne. It followed the basic story of ''Candide'', incorporating anachronisms, music, and [[stand up comedy]] from comedian [[Frank Woodley]]. It toured Australia and played at the [[Edinburgh International Festival]].<ref>Boztas (2009)</ref> In 2010, the Icelandic writer [[Óttar M. Norðfjörð]] published a rewriting and modernisation of ''Candide'', titled {{lang|is|[[Örvitinn; eða hugsjónamaðurinn]]}}.