Editing Canadian Confederation (section)

==Legacy==
The term ''confederation'' has entered into Canadian parlance both as a metaphor for the country and for the historical events that created it. It has therefore become one of the most common names for Canadian landmarks. Examples include [[Mount Confederation]], [[Confederation Square]], the [[Confederation Building (disambiguation)|Confederation Building]], [[Confederation Park (disambiguation)|Confederation Park]], [[Confederation Station (OC Transpo)|Confederation Station]], [[Confederation Heights]], Confederation Bridge, and so on. This is similar to the American practices of naming things ''union'' and likewise the Australians with ''federation''.{{Opinion|date=June 2020}}

Indigenous communities were ignored in the process of Canadian confederation.<ref>{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Gettler |url=https://earlycanadianhistory.ca/2017/06/26/indigenous-policy-and-silence-at-confederation/ |title=Indigenous Policy and Silence at Confederation |work=Early Canadian History |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref> As a result of Confederation, the Parliament and government of Canada assumed the responsibilities of their British counterparts in treaty dealings with the First Nations. The federal Parliament subsequently passed the ''[[Indian Act]]'' in 1876, which, in amended form, continues to govern Indigenous peoples. Confederation created conditions of colonialism, including resource grabbing, broken treaties, forced assimilation, patriarchy, and intergenerational trauma inflicted by the hegemony of the Canadian state on Indigenous nations that had been self-governing.{{refn|<ref>{{cite web |first=Moira |last=Macdonald |url=https://www.universityaffairs.ca/features/feature-article/six-indigenous-scholars-share-views-canada-150/ |title=Six Indigenous scholars share their view of Canada at 150 |work=University Affairs |date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gabrielle |last=Slowey |url=http://activehistory.ca/2016/07/19457/ |title=Confederation comes at a cost: Indigenous peoples and the ongoing reality of colonialism in Canada |work=Active History |date=July 8, 2016 |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Dakshana |last=Bascaramurty |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-150/canada-day-indigenous-perspectives-on-canada-150/article35498737/ |title='A horrible history': Four Indigenous views on Canada 150 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=June 30, 2017 |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1177/0306396813497877 |title=Neoliberal settler colonialism, Canada and the tar sands |journal=Race & Class |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=42–59 |year=2013 |last1=Preston |first1=Jen|s2cid=145726008 }}</ref>}}

As the 20th century progressed, attention to the conditions of Indigenous peoples in Canada increased, which included the granting of full voting rights in 1960. Treaty rights were enshrined in the Canadian constitution in 1982 and,<ref>[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-12.html#docCont Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 25.]</ref><ref>[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-13.html#docCont ''Constitution Act, 1982'', Part II.]</ref> in ''[[R. v. Sparrow|Sparrow v. The Queen]]'',<ref>{{cite court| litigants=Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada v. Sparrow| vol=1 S.C.R. 1075| court=Supreme Court of Canada| date=May 31, 1990| url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1990/1990canlii104/1990canlii104.html| access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> the Supreme Court determined there exists a [[fiduciary]] [[Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada|affiliation between the Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples]] in which the Crown is constitutionally charged with providing certain guarantees to the First Nations.{{refn|<ref>{{Citation| last=Hall| first=Anthony J.| contribution=Native Peoples > Native Peoples, General > Indian Treaties| title=The Canadian Encyclopedia| editor-last=Marsh| editor-first=James Harley| place=Toronto| publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada| url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-treaties/| access-date=September 30, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.treaty6.ca/default.aspx?page=Treaty%20Principles&ID=6| title=About Us > Treaty Principals| publisher=Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations| access-date=September 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706205758/http://www.treaty6.ca/default.aspx?page=Treaty%20Principles&ID=6| archive-date=July 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Talaga| first=Tanya| title=The Ontario no G20 or G8 leader will see| newspaper=Toronto Star| date=June 13, 2010| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontog20summit/article/822891--the-ontario-no-g20-or-g8-leader-will-see?bn=1| access-date=June 13, 2010}}</ref>}} Recognizing the principle of [[aboriginal title]], a process of land claims settlements is ongoing.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} Created to resolve the effects of the residential school system, a [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] was struck to identify further measures to improve conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada |date=December 14, 2015 |title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |url=https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1450124405592/1529106060525 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada}}</ref>