Editing Camille Pissarro (section)

===The legacy of Nazi-looted Pissarros===
[[File:Camille Pissarro - Self-portrait2 - Tate Britain.jpg|thumb|''[[Self-portrait]]'', 1903. [[Tate Gallery]], London]]
During the early 1930s throughout Europe, Jewish owners of numerous fine art masterpieces found themselves forced to give up or sell off their collections for minimal prices due to anti-Jewish laws created by the new Nazi regime. Many Jews were forced to flee Germany starting in 1933, and then, as the Nazis expanded their hold over all of Europe, Austria, France, Holland, Poland, Italy and other countries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friedländer, Saul |title=Nazi Germany and the Jews |publisher=HarperCollins |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-06-019042-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=34742446}}</ref>  The Nazis created special looting organizations like the [[Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce]] whose mission it was to seize Jewish property notably valuable artworks. When those forced into exile or [[The Holocaust|deported to extermination camps]] owned valuables, including artwork, they were often sold to finance the Nazi war effort, sent to Hitler's personal museum, traded or seized by officials for personal gain. Several artworks by Pissarro were looted from their Jewish owners in Germany, France and elsewhere by the Nazis.

Pissarro's ''[[Shepherdess Bringing in Sheep|Shepherdess Bringing Home the Sheep]]'' (La Bergère Rentrant des Moutons") was looted from the Jewish art collectors Yvonne et [[Raoul Meyer]] in France in 1941 and transited via Switzerland and New York before entering the [[Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art|Fred Jones Jr Museum]] at the [[University of Oklahoma]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Andrew |title=State rep calls for allowance of physical inspection of Nazi-stolen painting |url=http://www.oudaily.com/news/state-rep-calls-for-allowance-of-physical-inspection-of-nazi-stolen-painting/article_8c2f2a9c-3b97-11e5-abfb-3fb4bdf04944.html |access-date=4 February 2021 |newspaper=OU Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 November 2020|title=A Dispute Over a Pissarro Painting Looted by Nazis Was Settled Four Years Ago. Now, It's Going Back to Court|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/camille-pissarro-nazi-loot-2-1920089|access-date=4 February 2021|website=artnet News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=|last8=|first8=|last9=|date=15 March 2015|title=University of Oklahoma fights claim to a Nazi-looted Pissarro painting|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-nazi-looted-pissarro-painting-university-oklahoma-20150314-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210051544/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-nazi-looted-pissarro-painting-university-oklahoma-20150314-story.html|archive-date=10 December 2019|access-date=4 February 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Carvajal|first=Doreen|date=17 December 2020|title=Will a Looted Pissarro End Up in Oklahoma, or France?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/17/arts/design/leone-meyer-pissarro.html|access-date=4 February 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 2014, Meyer's daughter, [[Léone-Noëlle Meyer|Léonie-Noëlle Meyer]] filed a restitution claim which resulted in years of court battle.<ref>{{cite web|title=French Heiress Ratchets Up Battle With US Over Nazi-Looted Painting|url=https://lootedart.com/news.php?r=UQEVX4943451|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2021 |work=Looted Art |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621221827/https://www.lootedart.com/news.php?r=UQEVX4943451 |archive-date=21 June 2021 }}</ref> The lawsuit resulted in the recognition of Meyer's ownership and its transfer to France for five years, coupled with an agreement to shuttle the painting back and forth between Paris and Oklahoma every three years after that.<ref>{{cite web|last=Writers|first=World's Editorial|title=Tulsa World Editorial: OU finally to return Nazi loot to rightful owner|url=https://tulsaworld.com/archive/tulsa-world-editorial-ou-finally-to-return-nazi-loot-to-rightful-owner/article_9b32465f-3b6f-5f71-93c4-ca0444d39233.html|access-date=2021-11-14|website=Tulsa World|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Blake Douglas|title=Looted Pissarro heiress Léone Meyer, OU attorney Thaddeus Stauber speak on court clash over Nazi-looted painting|url=https://www.oudaily.com/news/looted-pissarro-heiress-l-one-meyer-ou-attorney-thaddeus-stauber-speak-on-court-clash-over/article_dea4dfee-a183-11eb-bdf7-8fe24bf13ca6.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114154034/https://www.oudaily.com/news/looted-pissarro-heiress-l-one-meyer-ou-attorney-thaddeus-stauber-speak-on-court-clash-over/article_dea4dfee-a183-11eb-bdf7-8fe24bf13ca6.html|archive-date=2021-11-14|access-date=2021-11-14|website=OU Daily|language=en}}</ref>  However, in 2020 Meyer filed suit in a French court to challenge the accord.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-04-12|title=Oklahoma to France and Back Again? A Case of Split-Custody of Nazi-Looted Art|url=http://itsartlaw.org/2021/04/12/oklahoma-to-france-and-back-again-a-case-of-split-custody-of-nazi-looted-art/|access-date=2021-11-14|website=Center for Art Law|language=en-US|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114155136/https://itsartlaw.org/2021/04/12/oklahoma-to-france-and-back-again-a-case-of-split-custody-of-nazi-looted-art/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cascone|first=Sarah|date=2021-05-14|title=An International Feud Over a Looted Pissarro Painting Comes to a Head as a French Court Rejects a Holocaust Survivor's Claim|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/settlement-upheld-in-looted-camille-pissarro-restitution-case-1968472|access-date=2021-11-14|website=Artnet News|language=en-US}}</ref> After Fred Jones Jr Museum sued Meyer requesting heavy financial penalties, the Holocaust survivor abandoned her effort to recover the Pissarro, saying, "I have no other choice.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cascone|first=Sarah|date=2021-06-01|title='I Have No Other Choice': Holocaust Survivor Relinquishes Her Claim to a Looted Camille Pissarro Painting|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/holocaust-survivor-relinquishes-claim-to-looted-camille-pissarro-painting-1975461|access-date=2021-11-14|website=Artnet News|language=en-US}}</ref>

Pissarro's Picking Peas (La Cueillette) was looted from Jewish businessman [[Simon Bauer]], in addition to 92 other artworks seized in 1943 by the [[Vichy France|Vichy collaborationist regime]] in France.<ref>{{cite web|last=Presse|first=AFP-Agence France|title=France Confirms Restitution Of Pissarro Looted In WWII|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/france-confirms-restitution-of-pissarro-looted-in-wwii-01593610210|access-date=4 February 2021|website=www.barrons.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=2017-11-08|title=French Court Orders Return of Pissarro Looted by Vichy Government|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/08/arts/design/french-court-pissarro-looted-nazis.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/08/arts/design/french-court-pissarro-looted-nazis.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|access-date=2021-11-14|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Pissarro's ''Sower And Ploughman'', was owned by [[Henri Hinrichsen|Dr Henri Hinrichsen]], a Jewish music publisher from Leipzig, until 11 January 1940, when he was forced to relinquish the painting to [[Hildebrand Gurlitt]] in Nazi-occupied Brussels, before being murdered in [[Auschwitz]] in September 1942.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walters |first=Guy |date=13 November 2013 |title=Revealed: The oddball who hid £1bn of art in his squalid flat... and the extraordinary story of how his father, who stole paintings for the Nazis, conned Allied investigators |url=https://www.lootedart.com/QCHIMR655851 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=5 February 2021 |work=Looted Art }}</ref>

Pissarro's "Le Quai Malaquais, Printemps", owned by German Jewish publisher [[Samuel Fischer]], founder of the famous [[S. Fischer Verlag]], passed through the hands of infamous Nazi art looter [[Bruno Lohse]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Koldehoff |first=Stephan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Nazi Art Theft: Pissarro's "Le Quai Malaquais, Printemps" |url=https://www.lootedart.com/news.php?r=O4B7YV183051 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124221909/http://lootedart.com/news.php?r=O4B7YV183051 |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=4 February 2021 |via=Looted Art |work=ART news}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=|first=|date=|title=Pissarro Lost and Found|url=https://www.lootedart.com/news.php?r=MKP0SS308951|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124153822/http://lootedart.com/news.php?r=MKP0SS308951 |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=Looted Art |publisher=Artnet News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lootedartcommission.com/MO89VR49433 |title=Nazi-Looted Pissarro in Zurich Bank Pits Heiress Against Dealer |first=Catherine |last=Hickley |work=Commission for Looted Art in Europe |date=6 June 2007 }}</ref>

Pissarro's ''Le Boulevard de Montmartre, Matinée de Printemps'', owned by [[Max Silberberg]], a German Jewish industrialist whose renowned art collection was considered "one of the best in pre-war Germany", was seized and sold in a forced auction before Silberberg and his wife Johanna were murdered in Auschwitz.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parsons|first=Michael|title=Art looted by Nazis continues to surface at auction |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/fine-art-antiques/art-looted-by-nazis-continues-to-surface-at-auction-1.1659076|access-date=4 February 2021|newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>

In the decades after World War II, many art masterpieces were found on display in various galleries and museums in Europe and the United States, often with false [[provenance]]s and labels missing.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=4 February 2021|title=UPDATE: OU, OU Foundation move to dismiss claims in Nazi-stolen paint…|url=http://www.oudaily.com/news/update-ou-ou-foundation-move-to-dismiss-claims-in-nazi-stolen-painting-lawsuit/article_e249002c-7433-11e5-9718-cb5ce4b4008e.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210204062426/http://www.oudaily.com/news/update-ou-ou-foundation-move-to-dismiss-claims-in-nazi-stolen-painting-lawsuit/article_e249002c-7433-11e5-9718-cb5ce4b4008e.html|archive-date=4 February 2021|access-date=4 February 2021|website=OU Daily|quote=NewsOK reported on Aug. 18, 2015 that the university said "Shepherdess Bringing in Sheep" lacks the Nazi ERR stamp. Wesselhöft said the disappearance of the stamp means that somebody wanted to obscure the fact that Nazis stole it.}}</ref> Some, as a result of legal action, were later returned to the families of the original owners. Many of the recovered paintings were then donated to the same or other museums as a gift.<ref name="Muller">{{cite book |last1=Muller |first1=Melissa |first2=Monika |last2=Tatzkow |title=Lost Lives, Lost Art |publisher=Vendome Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-86565-263-7 }}</ref>
[[File:Camille Pissarro - Rue Saint-Honoré, dans l'après-midi. Effet de pluie.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Rue Saint-Honoré, dans l'après-midi. Effet de pluie]]'', 1897, [[Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza]].]]
One such lost piece, Pissarro's 1897 oil painting, ''[[Rue St. Honoré, Apres Midi, Effet de Pluie]]'', was discovered hanging at Madrid's government-owned museum, the [[Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza]]. In January 2011 the Spanish government denied a request by the US ambassador to return the painting.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/07/us/07treasure.html?partner=rss&emc=rss |title=WikiLeaks Cables Make Appearance in a Tale of Sunken Treasure and Nazi Theft |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 January 2011 }}</ref> At the subsequent trial in Los Angeles,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/kswb-masterpiece-lost-to-nazis,0,7588663.story |title=Family fights to recover masterpiece lost to Nazis |work=Fox News |date=23 September 2010 |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318182235/http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/kswb-masterpiece-lost-to-nazis,0,7588663.story |url-status=dead }}</ref> the court ruled that the Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection Foundation was the rightful owner.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/56309/U-S--District-Court-confirms-Thyssen-BornemiszaCollection-Foundation-of-Spain-as-owner-of-artwork#.YUUaeyQ8IlQ |title=U.S. District Court confirms Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection Foundation of Spain as owner of artwork |work=Art Daily |date=July 2012 |access-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>  In 1999, Pissarro's 1897 ''[[Le Boulevard de Montmartre, Matinée de Printemps]]'' appeared in the [[Israel Museum]] in Jerusalem, its donor having been unaware of its pre-war provenance.<ref>Mazyler, Michael J. ''Holocaust Justice'', N.Y. University Press (2003) p. 205</ref> In January 2012, ''Le Marché aux Poissons'' (The Fish Market), a color [[monotype]], was returned after 30 years.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/25/us/impressionist-art-returned/?hpt=hp_t3 "Stolen impressionist art returned after 3 decades"], ''CNN'', 25 January 2012</ref>

During his lifetime, Camille Pissarro sold few of his paintings. By the 21st century, however, his paintings were selling for millions. An auction record for the artist was set on 6 November 2007 at [[Christie's]] in New York, where a group of four paintings, ''Les Quatre Saisons'' (the Four Seasons), sold for $14,601,000 (estimate $12,000,000 – $18,000,000). In November 2009 ''Le Pont Boieldieu et la Gare d'Orléans, Rouen, Soleil'' sold for $7,026,500 at [[Sotheby's]] in New York.

In February 2014 the 1897 ''Le Boulevard de Montmartre, Matinée de Printemps'', originally owned by the German industrialist and [[Holocaust]] victim [[Max Silberberg]] ([[:de:Max Silberberg|de]]), sold at Sotheby's in London for £19.9M, nearly five times the previous record.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26064373 |title=BBC News – Pissarro painting sells for a record £19.9m |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2014 |access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref>

In October 2021 Berlin's [[Alte Nationalgalerie]] restituted Pissarro's "A Square in La Roche-Guyon" (1867) to the heirs of [[Armand Dorville]], a French Jewish art collector whose family was [[The Holocaust in France|persecuted by the Nazis]] and whose paintings had been sold at a 1942 auction in Nice that was overseen by the [[Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives]]. The museum then purchased the Pissarro back.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-10-18|title=Berlin museum restitutes—and then buys back—Nazi-looted Pissarro painting|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/10/18/berlin-museum-restitutesand-then-buys-backnazi-looted-pissarro-painting|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018162611/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/10/18/berlin-museum-restitutesand-then-buys-backnazi-looted-pissarro-painting|archive-date=2021-10-18|access-date=2021-11-06|website=The Art Newspaper – International art news and events}}</ref>
<gallery widths="180px" heights="150px" perrow="6" caption="Boulevard Montmartre cityscape series">
File:Pissarro Camille - Boulevard Montmartre à Paris.jpg| ''Boulevard Montmartre à Paris'', 1897. [[Hermitage Museum]]
File:Boulevard Montmartre- Mardi Gras (frameless).jpg|''Boulevard Montmartre: Mardi Gras'', 1897. [[Hammer Museum]]
File:Camille Pissarro - Boulevard Montmartre, morning, cloudy weather - Google Art Project.jpg| ''Boulevard Montmartre, morning, cloudy weather'', 1897. [[National Gallery of Victoria]]  
File:The Boulevard Montmartre on a Winter Morning.JPG|''The Boulevard Montmartre on a Winter Morning'', 1897. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
File:Camille Pissarro - Boulevard Montmartre, Spring - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Le Boulevard de Montmartre, Matinée de Printemps]]'',  street view from hotel window, 1897
File:Camille Pissarro - Boulevard Montmartre at Night - c 1897 - National Gallery UK.jpg|''The Boulevard Montmartre at Night'', 1897. [[National Gallery]]
</gallery>