Editing Brown bear (section)

===Longevity and mortality===
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The brown bear has a naturally long life. Wild females have been observed reproducing at 28 years, which is the oldest known age for reproduction of any [[Bear|ursid]] in the wild. The peak reproductive age for females ranges from four to 20 years old.<ref name="Hunter"/><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Schwartz, C. C. |author2=Keating, K. A. |author3=Reynolds III, H. V. |author4=Barnes, V. G. Jr|author5=Sellers, R. A. |author6=Swenson, J. E. |author7=Miller, S. D. |author8=McLellan, B. |author9=Keay, J. |author10=McCann, R. |author11=Gibeau, M. |author12=Wakkinen, W. F. |author13=Mace, R. D. |author14=Kasworm, W. |author15=Smith, R. |author16=Herrero, S. |year=2003|title=Reproductive maturation and senescence in the female brown bear|journal= Ursus|pages= 109–119|jstor=3873012|volume=14|issue=#2}}</ref> The lifespan of both sexes within minimally hunted populations is estimated at an average of 25 years. The oldest recorded wild individual was nearly 37 years old.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=David David Whyte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRMxmAEACAAJ |title=The New Encyclopedia of Mammals |date=2001| entry= Bear family|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-19-850823-6 |language=en}}</ref> In captivity, the oldest recorded female was around 40 years old, while males have been known to live up to 47 years.<ref name="pasitschniak-arts1993mamsp"></ref><ref name= Walker/>

While male bears potentially live longer in captivity, female grizzly bears have a greater annual survival rate than males within wild populations, per a study done in the [[Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Schwartz, C. C. |author2=Haroldson, M. A. |author3=White, G. C. |author4=Harris, R. B. |author5=Cherry, S. |author6=Keating, K. A. |author7=Moody, D. |author8=Servheen, C. |title=Temporal, Spatial, and Environmental Influences on the Demographics of Grizzly Bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem |journal=Wildlife Monographs|volume=161|pages=1–68|doi=10.2193/0084-0173(2006)161[1:TSAEIO]2.0.CO;2|year=2006|s2cid=85600938 }}</ref> Annual mortality for bears of any age is estimated at 10% in most protected areas.<ref name="Hunter"/> Around 13% to 44% of cubs die within their first year.<ref name="pasitschniak-arts1993mamsp"></ref> Beyond predation by large predators – including [[Wolf|wolves]], Siberian tigers, and other brown bears – starvation and accidents also claim the lives of cubs. Studies have indicated that the most prevalent cause of mortality for first-year cubs is malnutrition.<ref name="pasitschniak-arts1993mamsp"></ref>

Brown bears are susceptible to parasites such as [[Fluke (flatworm)|fluke]]s, [[ticks]], [[tapeworms]], [[roundworm]]s, and [[Mallophaga|biting lice]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Lynn L. |last2=Rogers |first2=Susanne M. |date=1976 |title=Parasites of Bears: A Review |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872791 |journal=Bears: Their Biology and Management |volume=3 |pages=411–430 |doi=10.2307/3872791 |jstor=3872791 |issn=1936-0614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=J. Brglez |first=S. Valentinclc |date=1968 |title=Parasites of brown bear, Ursus arctos L. |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19720802813 |journal=Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=379–384}}</ref> It is thought that brown bears may catch [[Canine distemper|canine distemper virus]] (CDV) from other [[caniform]]s such as [[stray dog]]s and wolves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Di Francesco |first1=Cristina Esmeralda |last2=Gentile |first2=Leonardo |last3=Di Pirro |first3=Vincenza |last4=Ladiana |first4=Lara |last5=Tagliabue |first5=Silvia |last6=Marsilio |first6=Fulvio |date=2015-01-01 |title=Serologic Evidence for Selected Infectious Diseases in Marsican Brown Bears (''Ursus arctos marsicanus'') in Italy (2004–09) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2014-01-021 |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=209–213 |doi=10.7589/2014-01-021 |pmid=25375945 |issn=0090-3558}}</ref> A captive individual allegedly succumbed to [[Aujeszky's disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mörner |first1=Torsten |last2=Eriksson |first2=Hanna |last3=Bröjer |first3=Caroline |last4=Nilsson |first4=Kristina |last5=Uhlhorn |first5=Henrik |last6=Ågren |first6=Erik |last7=Segerstad |first7=Carl Hård af |last8=Jansson |first8=Désirée S. |last9=Gavier-Widén |first9=Dolores |date=April 2005 |title=Diseases and mortality in free-ranging brown bear (''Ursus arctos''), gray wolf (''Canis lupus''), and wolverine (''Gulo gulo'') in Sweden |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.298 |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=298–303 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.298 |pmid=16107663 |issn=0090-3558}}</ref>