Editing Biomimetics (section)

==== Inspiration from animals ====
[[File:Morpho didius Male Dos MHNT.jpg|thumb|alt=Morpho butterfly.|The vibrant blue color of ''[[Morpho (genus)|Morpho]]'' butterfly due to [[structural coloration]] has been mimicked by a variety of technologies.]]

[[Structural coloration]] produces the rainbow colours of [[soap bubble]]s, butterfly wings and many beetle scales.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schroeder |first1=Thomas B. H. |last2=Houghtaling |first2=Jared |last3=Wilts |first3=Bodo D. |last4=Mayer |first4=Michael |date=March 2018 |title=It's Not a Bug, It's a Feature: Functional Materials in Insects |journal=Advanced Materials |volume=30 |issue=19 |pages=1705322 |doi=10.1002/adma.201705322 |pmid=29517829|bibcode=2018AdM....3005322S |doi-access=free |hdl=2027.42/143760 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schenk |first1=Franziska |last2=Wilts |first2=Bodo D. |last3=Stavenga |first3=Doekele G|date=November 2013 |title=The Japanese jewel beetle: a painter's challenge|journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=045002 |doi=10.1088/1748-3182/8/4/045002 |pmid=24262911|bibcode=2013BiBi....8d5002S |s2cid=41654298 }}</ref> Phase-separation has been used to fabricate ultra-[[white]] [[scattering]] membranes from [[polymethylmethacrylate]], mimicking the [[beetle]] ''[[Cyphochilus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Syurik |first1=Julia |last2=Jacucci |first2=Gianni |last3=Onelli |first3=Olimpia D.<!--self-citing author-->|last4=Holscher |first4=Hendrik |last5=Vignolini |first5=Silvia |date=22 February 2018 |title=Bio-inspired Highly Scattering Networks via Polymer Phase Separation |journal=Advanced Functional Materials |volume=28|issue=24 |pages=1706901 |doi=10.1002/adfm.201706901|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[light-emitting diode|LED]] lights can be designed to mimic the patterns of scales on [[firefly|fireflies]]' abdomens, improving their efficiency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2013/01/09/brighter-leds-inspired-by-fireflies-efficiency-increased-by-55-percent/ |title=Brighter LEDs Inspired By Fireflies, Efficiency Increased By 55% |website=[[CleanTechnica]] |date=January 9, 2013 |first=James |last=Ayre |access-date=June 4, 2019}}</ref>

''[[Morpho (genus)|Morpho]]'' butterfly wings are structurally coloured to produce a vibrant blue that does not vary with angle.<ref name="Ball">{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v306/n5/full/scientificamerican0512-74.html |journal=Scientific American |author=Ball, Philip |date=May 2012 |title=Nature's Color Tricks |volume=306 |issue=5 |pages=74–79 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0512-74|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |pmid=22550931 |bibcode=2012SciAm.306e..74B }}</ref> This effect can be mimicked by a variety of technologies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Bokwang |last2=Johansen |first2=Villads Egede |last3=Sigmund |first3=Ole |last4=Shin |first4=Jung H. |date=April 2017 |title=Reproducing the hierarchy of disorder for Morpho-inspired, broad-angle color reflection |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=46023 |doi=10.1038/srep46023 |pmid=28387328 |pmc=5384085|bibcode=2017NatSR...746023S }}</ref> [[Lotus Cars]] claim to have developed a paint that mimics the ''Morpho'' butterfly's structural blue colour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discoverlexus.com/highlights/structural-blue-color-reimagined|title=Structural Blue: Color Reimagined / Discover the Global World of Lexus|website=discoverlexus.com|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> In 2007, [[Qualcomm]] commercialised an [[interferometric modulator display]] technology, "Mirasol", using ''Morpho''-like optical interference.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.qualcomm.com/blog/2010/01/07/nature-knows-best |title=Nature Knows Best: What Burrs, Geckos and Termites Teach Us About Design |last1=Cathey |first1=Jim |date=7 January 2010 |publisher=Qualcomm |access-date=24 August 2015}}</ref> In 2010, the dressmaker Donna Sgro made a dress from [[Teijin|Teijin Fibers]]' [[Morphotex]], an undyed fabric woven from structurally coloured fibres, mimicking the microstructure of ''Morpho'' butterfly wing scales.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cherny-Scanlon |first1=Xenya |title=Seven fabrics inspired by nature: from the lotus leaf to butterflies and sharks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/nature-fabrics-fashion-industry-biomimicry |access-date=23 November 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sgro |first1=Donna |title=About |url=https://donnasgro.com/Morphotex-Dress |publisher=Donna Sgro |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sgro |first1=Donna |title=Biomimicry + Fashion Practice |url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B6_GqbK7TV1pSXp4Q3MweUcwbUE/edit |publisher=Fashionably Early Forum, National Gallery Canberra |access-date=23 November 2018 |pages=61–70 |date=9 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=Teijin Japan |title=Annual Report 2006 |url=https://www.teijin.com/ir/library/annual_report/pdf/ar_06_all.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154355/https://www.teijin.com/ir/library/annual_report/pdf/ar_06_all.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=23 November 2018 |date=July 2006 |quote=MORPHOTEX, the world's first structurally colored fiber, features a stack structure with several tens of nano-order layers of polyester and nylon fibers with different refractive indexes, facilitating control of color using optical coherence tomography. Structural control means that a single fiber will always show the same colors regardless of its location.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Morphotex |url=http://transmaterial.net/morphotex/ |website=Transmaterial |access-date=23 November 2018 |date=12 October 2010}}</ref>

[[Canon Inc.]]'s SubWavelength structure Coating uses wedge-shaped structures the size of the wavelength of visible light. The wedge-shaped structures cause a continuously changing refractive index as light travels through the coating, significantly reducing [[lens flare]]. This imitates the structure of a moth's eye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpn.canon-europe.com/content/education/technical/subwavelength_coating.do|title=SubWavelength Structure Coating|first=Canon Europa N. V. and Canon Europe|last=Ltd 2002-2017|website=Canon Professional Network|access-date=2019-07-24|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730125716/https://cpn.canon-europe.com/content/education/technical/subwavelength_coating.do|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpn.canon-europe.com/content/education/infobank/lenses/subwavelength_coating.do|title=SubWavelength structure Coating|first=Canon Europa N. V. and Canon Europe|last=Ltd 2002-2017|website=Canon Professional Network|access-date=2019-07-24|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730080939/https://cpn.canon-europe.com/content/education/infobank/lenses/subwavelength_coating.do|url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable figures such as the Wright Brothers and Leonardo da Vinci attempted to replicate the flight observed in birds.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kulkarni|first1=Amogh|last2=Saraf|first2=Chinmay|title=2019 IEEE Pune Section International Conference (PuneCon) |chapter=Learning from Nature: Applications of Biomimicry in Technology |date=December 2019|pages=1–6|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/punecon46936.2019.9105797|isbn=978-1-7281-1924-3|s2cid=219316015}}</ref> In an effort to reduce aircraft noise researchers have looked to the leading edge of owl feathers, which have an array of small finlets or [[rachis]] adapted to disperse aerodynamic pressure and provide nearly silent flight to the bird.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stevenson|first=John|date=November 18, 2020|title=Small finlets on owl feathers point the way to less aircraft noise|work=[[Phys.org]]|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-11-small-finlets-owl-feathers-aircraft.html|access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref>