Editing Bacteriophage (section)

=== Synthesis of proteins and nucleic acid ===
Within minutes, bacterial [[ribosome]]s start translating viral mRNA into protein. For RNA-based phages, [[RNA replicase]] is synthesized early in the process. Proteins modify the bacterial [[RNA polymerase]] so it preferentially transcribes viral mRNA. The host's normal synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids is disrupted, and it is forced to manufacture viral products instead. These products go on to become part of new virions within the cell, helper proteins that contribute to the assemblage of new virions, or proteins involved in cell [[lysis]]. In 1972, [[Walter Fiers]] ([[University of Ghent]], [[Belgium]]) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene and in 1976, of the viral genome of [[bacteriophage MS2]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M | title = Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene | journal = Nature | volume = 260 | issue = 5551 | pages = 500–507 | date = April 1976 | pmid = 1264203 | doi = 10.1038/260500a0 | s2cid = 4289674 | bibcode = 1976Natur.260..500F }}</ref> Some [[DNA#ssDNA vs. dsDNA|dsDNA]] bacteriophages encode ribosomal proteins, which are thought to modulate protein translation during phage infection.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mizuno CM, Guyomar C, Roux S, Lavigne R, Rodriguez-Valera F, Sullivan MB, Gillet R, Forterre P, Krupovic M | title = Numerous cultivated and uncultivated viruses encode ribosomal proteins | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | page = 752 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30765709 | pmc = 6375957 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-019-08672-6 | bibcode = 2019NatCo..10..752M }}</ref>