Editing Armenian genocide (section)

===Turkish War of Independence===
{{Further|Turkish war crimes}}[[File:The Story of Near East Relief, page 207 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Children evacuated from [[Harput]] by [[Near East Relief]] in 1922 or 1923|alt=Caravan of people traveling in a line]]
[[File:Refugee camp, Beirut from Bain Collection, no date (LOC).jpg|thumb|Refugee camp in [[Beirut]], early 1920s|alt=Crowded tent camp stretching out a long distance]]
The CUP regrouped as the [[Turkish nationalist movement]] to fight the [[Turkish War of Independence]],{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=338–339}}{{sfn|Kieser|2018|p=319}}{{sfn|Nichanian|2015|p=242}} relying on the support of perpetrators of the genocide and those who had profited from it.{{sfn|Zürcher|2011|p=316}}{{sfn|Cheterian|2015|p=155}} This movement saw the return of Armenian survivors as a mortal threat to its nationalist ambitions and the interests of its supporters. The return of survivors was therefore impossible in most of Anatolia{{sfn|Bozarslan ''et al.''|2015|p=311}}{{sfn|Nichanian|2015|p=242}} and thousands of Armenians who tried were murdered.{{sfn|Nichanian|2015|pp=229–230}} Historian [[Raymond Kévorkian]] states that the war of independence was "intended to complete the genocide by finally eradicating Armenian, Greek, and Syriac survivors".{{sfn|Kévorkian|2020|p=165}} In 1920 [[Kâzım Karabekir]], a Turkish general, [[Turkish-Armenian War|invaded Armenia]] with orders "to eliminate Armenia physically and politically".{{sfn|Kévorkian|2020|pp=164–165}}{{sfn|Nichanian|2015| p=238}} Nearly 100,000 Armenians were massacred in [[Transcaucasia]] by the Turkish army and another 100,000 fled from [[Cilicia]] during the [[Franco-Turkish War|French withdrawal]].{{sfn|Nichanian|2015| p=238}} According to Kévorkian, only the [[Soviet occupation of Armenia]] prevented another genocide.{{sfn|Kévorkian|2020|pp=164–165}}

The victorious nationalists subsequently declared the [[Republic of Turkey]] in 1923.{{sfn|Nichanian|2015|p=244}} CUP war criminals were granted immunity{{sfn|Dadrian|Akçam|2011|p=104}} and later that year, the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] established Turkey's current borders and provided for the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Greek population's expulsion]]. Its protection provisions for non-Muslim minorities had no enforcement mechanism and were disregarded in practice.{{sfn|Kieser|2018|p=28}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=367–368}}

Armenian survivors were left mainly in three locations. About 295,000 Armenians had fled to Russian-controlled territory during the genocide and ended up mostly in [[Soviet Armenia]]. An estimated 200,000 Armenian refugees settled in the Middle East, forming a new wave of the [[Armenian diaspora]].{{sfn|Cheterian|2015|pp=103–104}} In the Republic of Turkey, about [[Armenians in Istanbul|100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople]] and another 200,000 lived in the provinces, largely women and children who had been forcibly converted.{{sfn|Cheterian|2015|p=104}} Though Armenians in Constantinople faced discrimination, they were allowed to maintain their cultural identity, unlike those elsewhere in Turkey{{sfn|Cheterian|2015|p=104}}{{sfn|Suciyan|2015|p=27}} who continued to face forced Islamization and kidnapping of girls after 1923.{{sfn|Cheterian|2015|p=203}}{{sfn|Suciyan|2015|p=65}} Between 1922 and 1929, the Turkish authorities eliminated surviving Armenians from southern Turkey, expelling thousands to [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French-mandate Syria]].{{sfn|Kévorkian|2020|p=161}}