Editing Apollo 8 (section)

==Legacy==
===Historical importance===

Apollo 8 came at the end of 1968, a year that had seen much upheaval in the United States and most of the world.<ref name="Men of the Year">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900486,00.html |title=Nation: Men of the Year |date=January 3, 1969 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=February 13, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108120930/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C900486%2C00.html |archive-date=January 8, 2008 }}</ref> Even though the year saw political assassinations, political unrest in the streets of Europe and America, and the [[Prague Spring]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine chose the crew of Apollo{{nbsp}}8 as its [[Time Person of the Year|Men of the Year]] for 1968, recognizing them as the people who most influenced events in the preceding year.<ref name="Men of the Year"/> They had been the first people ever to leave the gravitational influence of the Earth and orbit another celestial body.<ref name="Apollo 8 Firsts">{{cite web |title=Apollo 8 Firsts |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/peopleevents/e_firsts.html |work=American Experience: Race to the Moon |publisher=PBS |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307035422/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/peopleevents/e_firsts.html |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |location=Boston |date=September 22, 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They had survived a mission that even the crew themselves had rated as having only a fifty-fifty chance of fully succeeding. The effect of Apollo{{nbsp}}8 was summed up in a telegram from a stranger, received by Borman after the mission, that stated simply, "Thank you Apollo{{nbsp}}8. You saved 1968."{{sfn|Chaikin|1994|p=134}}

One of the most famous aspects of the flight was the ''[[Earthrise]]'' picture that the crew took as they came around for their fourth orbit of the Moon.{{sfn|Poole|2008|pp=8, 32}} This was the first time that humans had taken such a picture while actually behind the camera, and it has been credited as one of the inspirations of the first [[Earth Day]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Aerospace Technology Innovation | url=http://ipp.nasa.gov/innovation/Innovation_84/wnewview.html | title=New Views for A New Century | first=Peggy | last=Wilhide | date=July–August 2000 | volume=8 | issue=4 | publisher=NASA Innovative Partnerships Program |access-date=November 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213191758/http://ipp.nasa.gov/innovation/Innovation_84/wnewview.html |archive-date=February 13, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was selected as the first of ''Life'' magazine's ''100 Photographs That Changed the World''.{{sfn|Sullivan|2003|pp=204–205}}
[[File:Apollo 8 Crew Arrives in Houston (23936765502).jpg|thumb|left|Apollo 8 astronauts return to Houston after their mission]]

Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins said, "Eight's momentous historic significance was foremost";{{sfn|Murray|Cox|1990|p=333}} while space historian Robert K. Poole saw Apollo{{nbsp}}8 as the most historically significant of all the Apollo missions.{{sfn|Poole|2008|pp=8, 32}} The mission was the most widely covered by the media since the first American orbital flight, [[Mercury-Atlas 6]] by [[John Glenn]], in 1962. There were 1,200 journalists covering the mission, with the [[BBC]]'s coverage broadcast in 54 countries in 15 different languages. The Soviet newspaper ''[[Pravda]]'' featured a quote from {{ill|Boris Nikolaevich Petrov (scientist)|lt=Boris Nikolaevich Petrov|be|Барыс Мікалаевіч Пятроў|de|Boris Nikolajewitsch Petrow|ru|Петров, Борис Николаевич (учёный)}}, Chairman of the Soviet [[Interkosmos]] program, who described the flight as an "outstanding achievement of American space sciences and technology".<ref name="Pravda">{{cite news |first=Boris Nikolaevich |last=Petrov |title=O polete Apollona-8 |newspaper=[[Pravda]] |publisher=[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] |location=Moscow, USSR |date=December 30, 1968 |language=ru |trans-title=On the flight of Apollo-8}}</ref> It is estimated that a quarter of the people alive at the time saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon.{{sfn|Chaikin|1994|p=120}} The Apollo{{nbsp}}8 broadcasts won an [[Emmy Award]], the highest honor given by the [[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]].<ref name="PBS Emmy Award">{{cite web |title=Telecasts from Apollo 8 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/peopleevents/e_telecasts.html |work=American Experience: Race to the Moon |publisher=PBS |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027132303/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/peopleevents/e_telecasts.html |archive-date=October 27, 2011 |location=Boston |date=September 22, 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]], an [[Atheism|atheist]], later caused controversy by bringing a lawsuit against NASA over the reading from Genesis. O'Hair wanted the courts to ban American astronauts—who were all government employees—from public prayer in space.{{sfn|Chaikin|1994|p=623}} Though the case was rejected by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], apparently for lack of jurisdiction in outer space,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=397&invol=531&friend=nytimes|title=O'Hair v. Paine, 397 U.S. 531|year=1970|work=[[FindLaw]]|access-date=February 13, 2008}}</ref> it caused NASA to be skittish about the issue of religion throughout the rest of the Apollo program. Buzz Aldrin, on Apollo{{nbsp}}11, self-communicated [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] [[Eucharist|Communion]] on the surface of the Moon after landing; he refrained from mentioning this publicly for several years and referred to it only obliquely at the time.{{sfn|Chaikin|1994|pp=204, 623}}
[[File:Scott 1371, Apollo 8.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Apollo 8 commemorative stamp]]

In 1969, the [[United States Post Office Department]] issued a postage stamp ([[Scott catalogue]] #1371) commemorating the Apollo{{nbsp}}8 flight around the Moon. The stamp featured a detail of the famous photograph of the Earthrise over the Moon taken by Anders on Christmas Eve, and the words, "In the beginning God{{nbsp}}...", the first words of the book of Genesis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1847usa.com/ByYear/1969.htm |title=1969 U.S. Postage Stamp Issues |publisher=1847usa |access-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220060113/http://www.1847usa.com/ByYear/1969.htm |archive-date=December 20, 2012 }}</ref> In January 1969, just 18 days after the crew's return to Earth, they appeared in the [[Super Bowl III]] pre-game show, reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance (United States)|Pledge of Allegiance]], before the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|national anthem]] was performed by trumpeter Lloyd Geisler of the [[National Symphony Orchestra|Washington National Symphony Orchestra]].<ref name=PaleyCenter>{{cite web|title=NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III|publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]]|url=http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=super+bowl+iii&p=1&item=T85:0029|access-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Superbowl 3 Anthem – with Apollo 8 with Pledge |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOZbhmHtOTg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211108/yOZbhmHtOTg| archive-date=November 8, 2021 | url-status=live|access-date=February 19, 2021|website=YouTube | date=January 25, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref group=n name="nationalanthem">NFL's website erroneously states that [[Anita Bryant]] performed the anthem, but [[NBC]]'s broadcast of game, available from the [[Paley Center for Media]]'s collection, shows that Geisler performed it.</ref>

===Spacecraft location===

In January 1970, the spacecraft was delivered to [[Osaka]], Japan, for display in the U.S. pavilion at [[Expo '70]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Shanghai Expo: An International Forum on the Future of Cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hd75bRY2jvAC&pg=PA33 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-52462-9 |oclc=778424843 |page=33 |editor=Winter, Tim |access-date=February 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Tareen |first=Sophia |date= December 23, 2013 |title=Apollo 8 astronaut marks 1968 Christmastime broadcast to Earth (12 photos) |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765644112/Apollo-8-astronaut-marks-1968-broadcast-to-Earth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227032249/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765644112/Apollo-8-astronaut-marks-1968-broadcast-to-Earth.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 27, 2013 |newspaper=Deseret News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=December 9, 2015 }}</ref> It is now displayed at the Chicago [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]], along with a collection of personal items from the flight donated by Lovell and the [[space suit]] worn by Frank Borman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msichicago.org/exhibit/apollo/index.html|title=The Apollo 8 Command Module|publisher=[[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]]|access-date=February 4, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071009200922/https://www.msichicago.org/exhibit/apollo/index.html| archive-date=October 9, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/spacecraft/location/cm.cfm|title=Location of Apollo Command Modules|publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|access-date=August 27, 2019|archive-date=June 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601052353/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/spacecraft/location/cm.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jim Lovell's Apollo{{nbsp}}8 space suit is on public display in the Visitor Center at NASA's [[Glenn Research Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ns.cuyahoga.lib.oh.us/researchinfo/specialists/family_fun.htm#NASA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319212436/http://ns.cuyahoga.lib.oh.us/researchinfo/specialists/family_fun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 19, 2007 |title=NASA Glenn Visitor Center |publisher=[[Cuyahoga County Public Library]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |last=Keith |first=Sallie A. |title=GRC News Release 04-012: Heroes in Space Honored at NASA |date=February 20, 2004 |publisher=[[Glenn Research Center|NASA Glenn Research Center]] |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/news/pressrel/2004/04-012.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208213103/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/news/pressrel/2004/04-012.html |archive-date=December 8, 2004 |access-date=March 24, 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Bill Anders's space suit is on display at the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] in London, United Kingdom.{{sfn|Woods|2008|p=203}}

===In popular culture===

Apollo 8's historic mission has been depicted and referred to in several forms, both documentary and fiction. The various television transmissions and [[16 mm film|16 mm]] footage shot by the crew of Apollo{{nbsp}}8 were compiled and released by NASA in the 1969 documentary ''Debrief: Apollo{{nbsp}}8'', hosted by [[Burgess Meredith]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |year=2008 |title=[[When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions]] |medium=DVD |publisher=[[Discovery, Inc.]] |location=Silver Spring, MD |oclc=232161899}} ''Debrief: Apollo 8'' was released as a bonus feature for the [[Discovery Channel]]'s miniseries DVD release.</ref> In addition, Spacecraft Films released, in 2003, a three-disc DVD set containing all of NASA's TV and 16&nbsp;mm film footage related to the mission, including all TV transmissions from space, training and launch footage, and motion pictures taken in flight.<ref>{{cite AV media |year=2003 |title=Apollo 8: Leaving the Cradle |url=http://www.collectspace.com/resources/reviews/dvd/apollo8_leaving_the_cradle.html |medium=DVD |publisher=Spacecraft Films/20th Century Fox Home Entertainment |access-date=June 23, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100703011003/http://www.collectspace.com/resources/reviews/dvd/apollo8_leaving_the_cradle.html |archive-date=July 3, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other documentaries include "Race to the Moon" (2005) as part of [[American Experience (season 18)|season 18 of ''American Experience'']]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/ |title=American Experience—Race to the Moon |publisher=PBS |date=October 31, 2005 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803052046/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/ |archive-date=August 3, 2016 }}</ref> and ''[[In the Shadow of the Moon (2007 film)|In the Shadow of the Moon]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.sundance.org/films/3669/in_the_shadow_of_the_moon |title=In the Shadow of the Moon |publisher=[[Sundance Institute]] |access-date=June 30, 2013}}</ref> Apollo's Daring Mission aired on PBS' ''[[List of Nova episodes#Season 46: 2018–2019|Nova]]'' in December 2018, marking the flight's 50th anniversary.

The 1994 album ''[[The Songs of Distant Earth (album)|The Songs of Distant Earth]]'' by [[Mike Oldfield]] uses the Anders' reading for the cut "In The Beginning".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/108535-Mike-Oldfield-The-Songs-Of-Distant-Earth |title=Mike Oldfield – The Songs Of Distant Earth |work=Discogs |date=1994 |access-date=August 28, 2024}}</ref>

Parts of the mission are dramatized in the 1998 miniseries ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]]'' episode "[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)#Episodes|1968]]".<ref>{{cite episode |title=1968 |series=[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]] |credits=[[Ron Howard]], [[Brian Grazer]], [[Tom Hanks]], and Michael Bostick—Producers |network=[[HBO]] |air-date=April 1998}}</ref> The S-IVB stage of Apollo{{nbsp}}8 was also portrayed as the location of an alien device in the 1970 ''[[UFO (British TV series)|UFO]]'' episode "Conflict".<ref>{{cite episode |title=Conflict |series=[[UFO (British TV series)|UFO]] |network=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] |number=1-05 |air-date=October 7, 1970}}</ref> Apollo{{nbsp}}8's lunar orbit insertion was chronicled with actual recordings in the song "The Other Side", on the 2015 album ''[[The Race for Space (album)|The Race for Space]]'', by the band [[Public Service Broadcasting (band)|Public Service Broadcasting]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/15/385549238/first-listen-public-service-broadcasting-the-race-for-space|title=Review: Public Service Broadcasting, 'The Race For Space'|last=Katzif|first=Mike|date=February 15, 2015|work=NPR|access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref>

A documentary film, ''[[First to the Moon: The Journey of Apollo 8]]'' was released in 2018.