Editing Algerian War (section)

=== Harkis ===
[[File:Harki-j.jpg|thumb|130px|Young [[Harki]] in uniform, summer 1961]]
The so-called ''[[Harki]]s'', from the Algerian-Arabic dialect word ''harki'' (soldier), were indigenous Muslim Algerians (as opposed to European-descended Catholics or indigenous Algerian [[Maghrebi Jews]]) who fought as auxiliaries on the French side. Some of these were veterans of the [[Free French Forces]] who participated in the liberation of France during World War II or in the [[Indochina War]]. The term also came to include civilian indigenous Algerians who supported a French Algeria. According to French government figures, there were 236,000 Algerian Muslims serving in the French Army in 1962 (four times more than in the FLN), either in regular units ([[Spahi]]s and [[Tirailleur]]s) or as irregulars (harkis and moghaznis). Some estimates suggest that, with their families, the indigenous Muslim loyalists may have numbered as many as 1&nbsp;million.<ref>Philippe Denoix, "Harkis" in Encyclopædia Universalis, 2010</ref><ref>General Maurice Faivre, ''Les combattants musulmans de la guerre d'Algérie: des soldats sacrifiés'', Editions L'Harmattan, 1995, p.124</ref>

In 1962, around 90,000 ''Harkis'' took refuge in France, despite French government policy against this. Pierre Messmer, Minister of the Armies, and [[Louis Joxe]], Minister for Algerian Affairs, gave orders to this effect.<ref>On 19 March 1962 Joxe ordered attempts by French officers to transfer Harkis and their families to France to cease, followed by a statement that "the Auxiliary troops landing in the Metropolis in deviation from the general plan will be sent back to Algeria".</ref> The ''Harkis'' were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. [[French historians]] estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 ''Harkis'' and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture.<ref name=Horne/>{{rp|537}} The abandonment of the "Harkis" both the lack of recognition of those who died defending French Algeria and the neglect of those who escaped to France, remains an issue that France has not fully resolved—although the government of [[Jacques Chirac]] made efforts to recognize the suffering of these former allies.<ref>"Chirac hails Algerians who fought for France", The Telegraph 26 September 2001</ref>