Editing Age of Enlightenment (section)

===Italy===
{{Main|Italian Enlightenment}}
[[File:Pompeo Marchesi (1783.1858) Monumento a Cesare Beccaria, 1837, Milano.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Statue of [[Cesare Beccaria]], considered one of the greatest thinkers of the Enlightenment]]
In Italy the main centers of diffusion of the Enlightenment were [[Naples]] and [[Milan]]:<ref>{{cite book |last=Mori |first=Massimo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGqODAAAQBAJ |title=Storia della filosofia moderna |date=2015 |publisher=Gius.Laterza & Figli Spa |isbn=978-88-581-1845-0 |language=it}}</ref> in both cities the intellectuals took public office and collaborated with the Bourbon and Habsburg administrations. In Naples, [[Antonio Genovesi]], [[Ferdinando Galiani]], and [[Gaetano Filangieri]] were active under the tolerant King Charles of Bourbon. However, the Neapolitan Enlightenment, like Vico's philosophy, remained almost always in the theoretical field.<ref>{{cite book |last=D'Onofrio |first=Federico |title=On the caoncept of 'felicitas publica' in Eighteenth-Century political economy, in History of economic thought |year=2015}}</ref> Only later, many Enlighteners animated the unfortunate experience of the [[Parthenopean Republic]]. In Milan, however, the movement strove to find concrete solutions to problems. The center of discussions was the magazine ''[[Il Caffè]]'' (1762–1766), founded by brothers [[Pietro Verri|Pietro]] and [[Alessandro Verri]] (famous philosophers and writers, as well as their brother Giovanni), who also gave life to the Accademia dei Pugni, founded in 1761. Minor centers were [[Tuscany]], Veneto, and [[Piedmont]], where among others, Pompeo Neri worked.

From Naples, Genovesi influenced a generation of southern Italian intellectuals and university students. His textbook ''Della diceosina, o sia della Filosofia del Giusto e dell'Onesto'' (1766) was a controversial attempt to mediate between the history of moral philosophy on the one hand and the specific problems encountered by 18th-century commercial society on the other. It contained the greater part of Genovesi's political, philosophical, and economic thought, which became a guidebook for Neapolitan economic and social development.<ref>Niccolò Guasti, "Antonio Genovesi's Diceosina: Source of the Neapolitan Enlightenment." ''History of European ideas'' 32.4 (2006): 385–405.</ref>

Science flourished as [[Alessandro Volta]] and [[Luigi Galvani]] made break-through discoveries in electricity. Pietro Verri was a leading economist in Lombardy. Historian [[Joseph Schumpeter]] states he was "the most important pre-Smithian authority on Cheapness-and-Plenty."<ref>Pier Luigi Porta, "Lombard enlightenment and classical political economy." ''The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought'' 18.4 (2011): 521–50.</ref> The most influential scholar on the Italian Enlightenment has been [[Franco Venturi]].<ref>Franco Venturi, ''Italy and the Enlightenment: studies in a cosmopolitan century'' (1972) [https://archive.org/details/italyenlightenme00vent online]</ref><ref>Anna Maria Rao, "Enlightenment and reform: an overview of culture and politics in Enlightenment Italy." ''Journal of Modern Italian Studies'' 10.2 (2005): 142–67.</ref> Italy also produced some of the Enlightenment's greatest legal theorists, including [[Cesare Beccaria]], [[Giambattista Vico]], and [[Francesco Mario Pagano]].