Editing 2001 (section)

== Science ==
{{Main|2001 in science}}
[[File:Perezoso La Mochila.jpg|thumb|The [[pygmy three-toed sloth]] was first described in 2001.]]
Several anthropological and archaeological developments were made in 2001, including the extraction of [[mtDNA]] from prehistoric skeletons<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=158}} and the discovery of an [[arrowhead]] lodged in the shoulder of [[Ötzi]], a 5,300-year-old mummy, after a [[CT scan]] was performed on him.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=128}} Newly described hominids included ''[[Sahelanthropus]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahelanthropus tchadensis |url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program |language=en |archive-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629225632/https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Ardipithecus]]'', while two additional hominids, ''[[Kenyanthropus]]'' and ''[[Orrorin]]'', were proposed.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=158–159}} January saw the extraction of DNA from a 60,000-year-old skeleton, the oldest human DNA to be studied to that point.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=480}} In October, the discovery of a prehistoric ''[[Sarcosuchus]]'' skeleton was announced after digging began the previous year.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=125}} Archaeological discoveries include [[rock art]] in [[Andros]], 40,000-year-old tools in [[Mamontovaya Kurya]], [[terracotta]] citizens in a pit adjacent to the [[Terracotta Army]], a walled city at [[Dholavira]], and a 2,900-year-old [[sweat lodge]] in [[Cuello]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=160–162}}

Two different groups, the [[Human Genome Project]] and [[Celera Genomics]], published the first maps of the human genome on February 15 and 16, respectively. [[Human cloning]] was a controversial subject in 2001, and opponents called for bans on human cloning internationally.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|pages=477–478}}{{Rp|page=215}} Other developments in genetics included a completed sequencing of the ''[[oryza sativa]]'' genome and an experiment saw the successful creation of tomatoes [[Genetically modified organism|genetically modified]] to survive in saltwater.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=237}} The [[pygmy three-toed sloth]] was among the animals first [[Species description|described]] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shields |first1=Fiona |last2=Hilaire |first2=Eric |date=2012-09-13 |title=10 new mammals discovered in past 10 years |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/sep/13/new-mammals-discovered-10-years |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325184702/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/sep/13/new-mammals-discovered-10-years |url-status=live }}</ref> Birds discovered include the [[Mishana tyrannulet]], the [[Chapada flycatcher]], the [[Vanuatu petrel]], and the [[chestnut-eared laughingthrush]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=215}} The ''[[Ruizia parviflora]]'' tree was rediscovered on Mauritius when it was thought extinct since 1863.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=238}} Conversely, the 1993 discovery of ''[[pseudonovibos spiralis]]'' was determined in February 2001 to be unfounded.<ref name=":5" />

The discovery of the [[Lost City Hydrothermal Field]] on the [[Atlantis Massif]] was formally announced in 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=183}} The phenomenon of [[neutrino oscillation]] was confirmed in 2001, while the 1999 discovery of [[element 118]] was retracted.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=263}} The [[University of the Arctic]] was founded in 2001 as a joint project between several northern countries.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=210}}

=== Technology and transportation ===
{{Further|2001 in spaceflight|2001 in aviation|2001 in rail transport}}[[File:ISS-02 Soyuz TM-32 Taxi crewmembers.jpg|thumb|Crew of [[Soyuz TM-32]]: ({{Abbr|L–R|Left to right}}) [[Dennis Tito]], [[Talgat Musabayev]], and [[Yuri Baturin]]]]The computer industry saw major decline during the recession in 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=175}} Apple Computer Inc. released the [[Mac OS X]] [[operating system]] for [[Mac (computer)|Mac]] computers on March 24,<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=176}}<ref name=":17">{{Cite magazine |last=Chen |first=Brian X. |title=March 24, 2001: Apple Unleashes Mac OS X |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/macos-x-released/ |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204014509/https://www.wired.com/2010/03/macos-x-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and it discontinued the [[Power Mac G4 Cube]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=176}} [[3G]] wireless technology first became available on October 1 when it was [[3G adoption|adopted]] by Japanese telecommunications company [[NTT Docomo]] with its [[Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access]] service.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=182}} Microsoft released the [[Windows XP]] operating system to retail on October 25.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=175}}<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Releases Windows XP |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/october/25/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Computer History Museum |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203043603/https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/october/25/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The most powerful [[supercomputer]] as of 2001 was designed by [[IBM]] for the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] in the United States. Several [[malware]] scares took place in 2001, including the [[Code Red (computer worm)|Code Red]], [[Nimda]], and [[Sircam]] worms.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=180}}

There were only 57 successful orbital spaceflights in 2001, the fewest since 1963. Eight of these launches were crewed missions. Two failed spaceflights also took place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Flight 2001 - The Year in Review |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/reports/2001/index.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=NASA |language=en |archive-date=April 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407032841/http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/reports/2001/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[NEAR Shoemaker]]'' made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12, and the [[Destiny (ISS module)|''Destiny'' module]] was connected to the [[International Space Station]] the same month.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|pages=474–475}} The Russian ''[[Mir]]'' space station was [[Deorbit of Mir|deorbited]] and destroyed on March 23, landing in the Pacific Ocean.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=126}} The ''[[2001 Mars Odyssey]]'' orbiter was launched on April 7 and arrived at Mars on October 24.<ref name="NASA Mars-2001" /> American entrepreneur [[Dennis Tito]] became the first [[Space tourism|space tourist]] on April 28 aboard the Russian [[Soyuz TM-32]].<ref name="NASA-2001" /> [[28978 Ixion]] was discovered on May 22.<ref name="Minor Planet Center" /> The [[Genesis (spacecraft)|''Genesis'']] probe was launched on August 8 to collect [[solar wind]] samples.<ref name="NASA-Genesis-2004">{{Cite web |title=Genesis |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=NASA |date=December 2017 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504105535/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Deep Space 1]]'' carried out a flyby of [[19P/Borrelly|Comet Borrelly]] on September 22,<ref name="NASA-DS1-2001" /> and [[Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'']] carried out a flyby of [[Io (moon)|Io]] on October 15.<ref name="JPL-2001" /> An atmosphere was discovered on an [[exoplanet]] for the first time on November 27.<ref name="Hubble-2001" />

Air travel in the United States and worldwide was heavily affected by the September 11 attacks. Commercial flights in the United States were grounded for three days,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clark |first1=David E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZbCAAAAQBAJ |title=The Impact of 9/11 on Business and Economics: The Business of Terror |last2=McGibany |first2=James M. |last3=Myers |first3=Adam |date=2009-08-31 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-10006-0 |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Matthew J. |pages=75–76 |language=en |chapter=The Effects of 9/11 on the Airline Travel Industry |access-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929025204/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZbCAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and air travel then became subject to significantly increased security measures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinez |first=Marta Rodriguez |date=2021-09-10 |title=How have the 9/11 attacks changed life for Europeans? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/10/how-have-the-9-11-attacks-changed-life-for-europeans |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053817/https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/10/how-have-the-9-11-attacks-changed-life-for-europeans |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Incheon International Airport]] opened in [[Incheon]] on March 22, and the [[TGV Mediterranee]] railway opened in France.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=166}} The [[Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)|K-141 ''Kursk'']] nuclear submarine was lifted from the [[Barents Sea]] after the [[Kursk submarine disaster]] of the previous year.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=74–75}} The [[Segway]], a self-balancing [[personal transporter]] invented by [[Dean Kamen]], was unveiled on December 3 after months of public speculation and media hype,<ref name="speculation">{{cite episode |url=http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |title=January 26, 2000 |series=[[The Daily Show]] |date=26 July 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125349/http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> on the [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] morning program ''[[Good Morning America]]''.<ref name="auto4">{{cite news |last=Tweney |first=Dylan |title=Wired.com retrospective |url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/12/1203segway-unveiled |access-date=2009-04-12 |archive-date=February 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206032414/http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/12/1203segway-unveiled/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The reveal that it was a self-balancing transporter was seen as a disappointment.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=477}}