Editing Æthelstan (section)

== Legacy ==
The reign of Æthelstan has been overshadowed by the achievements of his grandfather, [[Alfred the Great]], but he is now considered one of the greatest kings of the West Saxon dynasty.{{Sfn|Williams|1991b|p=50}} Modern historians endorse the view of twelfth-century chronicler William of Malmesbury that "no one more just or more learned ever governed the kingdom".{{Sfn|Lapidge|1993|p=49}} Frank Stenton and Simon Keynes both describe him as the one Anglo-Saxon king who will bear comparison with Alfred. In Keynes's view he "has long been regarded, with good reason, as a towering figure in the landscape of the tenth century&nbsp;... he has also been hailed as the first king of England, as a statesman of international standing".{{Sfnm|1a1=Stenton|1y=1971|1p=356|2a1=Keynes|2y=1999|2p=466}} David Dumville describes Æthelstan as "the father of mediaeval and modern England",{{Sfn|Dumville|1992|p=171}} while Michael Wood regards [[Offa of Mercia|Offa]], Alfred, and Æthelstan as the three greatest Anglo-Saxon kings, and Æthelstan as "one of the more important lay intellectuals in Anglo-Saxon history".{{Sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=2005|1p=7|2a1=Wood|2y=2007|2p=192}}

Æthelstan is regarded as the first King of England by modern historians.{{Efn|David Dumville's chapter on Æthelstan in ''Wessex and England'' is headed 'Between Alfred the Great and Edgar the Peacemaker: Æthelstan, The First King of England', and the title of Sarah Foot's biography is ''Æthelstan: The First King of England''.{{Sfnm|1a1=Dumville|1y=1992|1loc=chapter IV|2a1=Foot|2y=2011}}}} Although it was his successors who would achieve the permanent conquest of Viking York, Æthelstan's campaigns made this success possible.{{Sfn|Williams|1991b|p=50}} His nephew Edgar called himself King of the English and revived the claim to rule over all the peoples of Britain. Simon Keynes argued that "the consistent usages of Edgar's reign represent nothing less than a determined reaffirmation of the polity created by Æthelstan in the 930s".{{Sfn|Keynes|2008|p=25}} Historian Charles Insley, however, sees Æthelstan's hegemony as fragile: "The level of overlordship wielded by Æthelstan during the 930s over the rest of Britain was perhaps not attained again by an English king until [[Edward I]]."{{Sfn|Insley|2013|p=323}} George Molyneaux argues that:

<blockquote>The tendency of some modern historians to celebrate Æthelstan as "the first king of England" is, however, problematic, since there is little sign that in his day the title ''rex Anglorum'' was closely or consistently tied to an area similar to that which we consider England. When Æthelstan's rule was associated with any definite geographical expanse, the territory in question was usually the whole island of Britain.{{Sfn|Molyneaux|2015|p=200}}</blockquote>

Simon Keynes saw Æthelstan's law-making as his greatest achievement.{{Sfn|Keynes|1999|p=471}} His reign predates the sophisticated state of the later Anglo-Saxon period, but his creation of the most centralised government England had yet seen, with the king and his council working strategically to ensure acceptance of his authority and laws, laid the foundations on which his brothers and nephews would create one of the wealthiest and most advanced systems of government in Europe.{{Sfn|Foot|2011|pp=10, 70}} Æthelstan's reign built upon his grandfather's ecclesiastical programme, consolidating the ecclesiastical revival and laying the foundation for the monastic reform movement later in the century.{{Sfn|Dumville|1992|p=167}}

Æthelstan's reputation was at its height when he died. According to Sarah Foot, "He found acclaim in his own day not only as a successful military leader and effective monarch but also as a man of devotion, committed to the promotion of religion and the patronage of learning." Later in the century, Æthelweard praised him as a very mighty king worthy of honour, and [[Æthelred the Unready]], who named his eight sons after his predecessors, put Æthelstan first as the name of his eldest son.{{Sfn|Foot|2011|pp=94, 211, 228}} In his biography of Æthelred, [[Levi Roach]] commented, "The king was clearly proud of his family and the fact that Æthelstan stands atop this list speaks volumes: though later overtaken by Alfred the Great in fame, in the 980s it must have seemed as if everything had begun with the king's great-uncle (a view with which many modern historians would be inclined to concur)."{{Sfn|Roach|2016|pp=95–96}}

Memory of Æthelstan then declined until it was revived by William of Malmesbury, who took a special interest in him as the one king who had chosen to be buried in his own house. William's account kept his memory alive, and he was praised by other medieval chroniclers. In the early sixteenth century [[William Tyndale]] justified his English translation of the Bible by stating that he had read that King Æthelstan had caused the Holy Scriptures to be translated into Anglo-Saxon.{{Sfn|Foot|2011|pp=227–233}} From the sixteenth century onwards, Alfred's reputation became dominant, and Æthelstan largely disappeared from popular consciousness. [[Sharon Turner]]'s ''[[History of the Anglo-Saxons]]'', first published between 1799 and 1805, played a crucial role in promoting Anglo-Saxon studies, and he helped to establish Brunanburh as a key battle in English history, but his treatment of Æthelstan was slight in comparison with Alfred. [[Charles Dickens]] had only one paragraph on Æthelstan in his ''[[A Child's History of England|Child's History of England]]'', and although Anglo-Saxon history was a popular subject for nineteenth-century artists, and Alfred was frequently depicted in paintings at the [[Royal Academy]] between 1769 and 1904, there was not one picture of Æthelstan.{{Sfn|Foot|2011|pp=233–42}}

Williams comments: "If Æthelstan has not had the reputation which accrued to his grandfather, the fault lies in the surviving sources; Æthelstan had no biographer, and the ''Chronicle'' for his reign is scanty. In his own day he was 'the roof-tree of the honour of the western world'."{{Sfn|Williams|1991b|p=51}}