Editing Xenophobia (section)

==== China ====
{{main|Racism in China}}

=====The Boxers=====
{{Main|Boxer Rebellion}}
The [[Boxer Rebellion]] was a violent anti-foreign, [[Persecution of Christians#China|anti-Christian]], and [[anti-imperialist]] uprising which occurred in China between 1899 and 1901. It was led by a new group, the ‘Militia United in Righteousness', the group was popularly known as the ''[[Boxers (group)|Boxers]]'' because many of its members had practiced [[Chinese martial arts]], at the time, these martial arts were popularly referred to as Chinese Boxing.  After China's defeat in war by Japan in 1895, villagers in North China feared the expansion of [[Spheres of influence#China|foreign spheres of influence]] and resented the extension of privileges to Christian missionaries. In a severe drought, Boxer violence spread across [[Shandong]] and the [[North China Plain]], destroying foreign property, attacking or murdering Christian missionaries and [[Christianity in China|Chinese Christians]]. In June 1900, Boxer fighters, convinced that they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on [[Beijing]], and their slogan was "Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners." Diplomats, missionaries, soldiers and some Chinese Christians took refuge in the diplomatic [[Beijing Legation Quarter|Legation Quarter]]. They were besieged for 55 days by the Imperial Army of the Chinese government and the Boxers. George Makari says that the Boxers, "promoted a violent [[hatred]] of all those from other lands and made no effort to distinguish the beneficent from the rapacious ones.... They were unabashedly xenophobic."<ref>George Makari, ''Of Fear and Strangers: A History of Xenophobia'' (2021), pp 70–71.</ref> The Boxers were overthrown by an [[Eight Nation Alliance]] of American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian troops—20,000 in all—that invaded China to lift the siege in August 1900.  The allies imposed the [[Boxer Protocol]] in 1901, with a massive annual cash indemnity to be paid by the Chinese government. The episode generated worldwide attention and denunciation of xenophobia.<ref>Makari, ''Of Fear and Strangers: A History of Xenophobia'' (2021), ch 4, 5.</ref><ref>Paul A. Cohen, '' History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth'' (1998).</ref>

===== Chinese nationalism and xenophobia =====
Historian [[Mary C. Wright]] has argued that the combination of [[Chinese nationalism]] and xenophobia had a major impact on the Chinese worldview in the first half of the 20th century. Examining the bitterness and hatred which existed towards [[Americans]] and [[Demographics of Europe|Europeans]] in the decades before the [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Communist takeover in 1949]], she argues:<blockquote>The crude fear of the white peril that the [[Qing dynasty|last imperial dynasty]] had been able to exploit in the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 had been submerged but not overcome, and expanding special privileges of foreigners were irritants in increasingly wide spheres of Chinese life. These fears and irritations provided a mass sounding board for what otherwise might have been rather arid denunciations of imperialists. It is well to remember that both Nationalists and Communists have struck this note.<ref>Mary C.  Wright, "Modern China in Transition, 1900–1950." ''The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 321.1 (1959): 1–8, at p. 3.</ref><ref>In further support see Donald Gillin, "China and the Foreigner, 1911 to 1950." ''South Atlantic Quarterly'' 58 (1969): 208–219.</ref></blockquote>

=====COVID-19=====
In China, xenophobia against non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China]], with foreigners being described as "foreign garbage" and targeted for "disposal".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Walden |first1=Max |last2=Yang |first2=Samuel |name-list-style=vanc |date=9 April 2020 |title=As coronavirus sparks anti-Chinese racism, xenophobia rises in China itself |work=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-09/coronavirus-intensifies-anti-foreigner-sentiment-in-china/12128224}}</ref> Some [[Africans in Guangzhou|black people in China]]<!-- Ghanaians, Nigerians, Ugandans --> were evicted from their homes by police and told to leave China within 24 hours, due to disinformation that they and other foreigners were spreading the virus.<ref>{{cite web |last=Asiedu |first=Kwasi Gyamfi |name-list-style=vanc |date=11 April 2020 |title=After enduring months of lockdown, Africans in China are being targeted and evicted from apartments |url=https://qz.com/africa/1836510/africans-in-china-being-evicted-from-homes-after-lockdown-ends/ |website=[[Quartz Africa]]}}</ref> Expressions of Chinese xenophobia and discriminatory practices, such as the exclusion of black customers from restaurants, were criticized by foreign governments and members of the diplomatic corps.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marsh |first1=Jenni | name-list-style = vanc |title=Beijing faces a diplomatic crisis after reports of mistreatment of Africans in China causes outrage |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/13/asia/china-guangzhou-african-blacklash-hnk-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2020 |title='No blacks': Evicted, harassed and targeted in China for their race amid coronavirus |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-16/china-coronavirus-black-african-evictions |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

===== Hong Kong =====
Black people in Hong Kong have experienced negative comments and instances of discrimination in the job market and on public transport.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lam Cho Wai |date=22 April 2018 |title=Crossing Divides: Africans fight Hong Kong prejudice with football |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-43470709}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chermaine Lee and Miguel Candela |date=2 August 2020 |title=What it's like to be black and African in Hong Kong |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3095154/what-its-be-black-and-african-hong-kong-there |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109201701/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3095154/what-its-be-black-and-african-hong-kong-there |archive-date=9 November 2021 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Expats and South Asian minorities have faced increased xenophobia during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lau |first=Jessie |date=22 January 2022 |title=In Hong Kong, COVID-19 and Racism Make an Ugly Mix |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/in-hong-kong-covid-19-and-racism-make-an-ugly-mix/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506124142/https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/in-hong-kong-covid-19-and-racism-make-an-ugly-mix/ |archive-date=6 May 2022 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Patrick Blennerhassett]] |date=15 March 2021 |title=Covid-19 shaming and racism in Hong Kong needs to stop as gyms find themselves unfairly in the crosshairs |url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/hong-kong/article/3125389/covid-19-shaming-and-racism-hong-kong-needs-stop-gyms-find |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801233404/https://www.scmp.com/sport/hong-kong/article/3125389/covid-19-shaming-and-racism-hong-kong-needs-stop-gyms-find |archive-date=1 August 2021 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

===== Persecution of Uighurs =====
{{Main|Persecution of Uyghurs in China}}

Since 2017, China has come under intense international criticism for its treatment of one million Muslims (the majority of them are [[Uyghurs]], a Turkic ethnic minority mostly in [[Xinjiang]]) who are being held in [[Xinjiang internment camps|detention camps]] without any legal process.<ref name="indy">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2019 |title='Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422051855/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |archive-date=22 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="hrw._UN:U">{{Cite web|date=10 July 2019|title=UN: Unprecedented Joint Call for China to End Xinjiang Abuses|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217070044/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses|archive-date=17 December 2019|access-date=18 December 2020|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Critics of the policy have described it as the [[Sinicization]] of Xinjiang and some have also called it an [[ethnocide]] or a [[cultural genocide]].<ref name="indy" /><ref>JoanneSmith Finley,  "Why scholars and activists increasingly fear a Uyghur genocide in Xinjiang." ''Journal of Genocide Research'' 23.3 (2021): 348–370.</ref>