Editing World government (section)

===World Federalist Movement===
{{Main|World Federalism}}

The years between the end of World War II and the start of the [[Korean War]]—which roughly marked the entrenchment of [[Cold War]] polarity—saw a flourishing of the nascent world federalist movement.{{sfn|Nicaise|2019}}<ref name="History & Members">{{Cite web |title=History & Members |url=https://www.wfm-igp.org/about-us/history-members/ |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=WFM/IGP |language=en}}</ref> [[Wendell Willkie]]'s 1943 book ''[[One World (Willkie book)|One World]]'' sold over 2 million copies, laying out many of the argument and principles that would inspire global federalism.<ref>[[John Bear (educator)|John Bear]], ''The #1 New York Times Best Seller: intriguing facts about the 484 books that have been #1 New York Times bestsellers since the first list, 50 years ago'', Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1992, p. 8.</ref> A contemporaneous work, [[Emery Reves]]' ''[[The Anatomy of Peace]]'' (1945), argued for replacing the UN with a federal world government. The world Federalist movement in the U.S., led by diverse figures such as [[Lola Maverick Lloyd]], [[Grenville Clark]], [[Norman Cousins]], and [[Alan Cranston]], grew larger and more prominent: in 1947, several grassroots organizations merged to form the [[United World Federalists]]—later renamed the World Federalist Association, then [[Citizens for Global Solutions]][[United World Federalists|—]]<nowiki/>claiming 47,000 members by 1949.<ref name="History & Members"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Afraid of World Government? {{!}} History News Network |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/119987 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=historynewsnetwork.org|date=16 November 2009 }}</ref>

Similar movements concurrently formed in many other countries, culminating in a 1947 meeting in [[Montreux|Montreux, Switzerland]] that formed a global coalition called the [[World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy|World Federalist Movement (WFM)]]. By 1950, the movement claimed 56 member groups in 22 countries, with some 156,000 members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicaise |first=Alexander |date=2019-10-01 |title=Cosmocracy, We Hardly Knew Ye {{!}} Free Inquiry |url=https://secularhumanism.org/2019/10/cosmocracy-we-hardly-knew-ye/ |access-date=2021-12-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution ====
In 1949, six U.S. states—California, Connecticut, Florida, Maine, New Jersey, and North Carolina—applied for an [[Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution|Article V convention]] to propose an amendment "to enable the participation of the United States in a world federal government".<ref name="The Article V Library">{{cite web |title=Article V Convention Application Analysis — World Federal Government |url=http://article5library.org/analyze.php?topic=World+federal+government&res=1&gen=0&ylimit=0 |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=The Article V Library}}</ref> Multiple other state legislatures introduced or debated the same proposal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davenport |first1=John |date=1949 |title=The Approach to World Government Through the Technique of the World Constitutional Convention: American Experience  |url=https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4293&context=umlr |journal=University of Miami Law Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=528–530 |access-date=2022-06-01 }}</ref> These resolutions were part of this effort.<ref>Davenport, 500–503.</ref>

During the [[81st United States Congress]] (1949–1951), multiple resolutions were introduced favoring a world federation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=William Tucker |date=1950 |title=World Government and the Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3478183 |journal=California Law Review |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=452–477 |doi=10.2307/3478183 |jstor=3478183 |access-date=2022-12-20 }}</ref>

==== Chicago World Constitution draft ====
A committee of academics and intellectuals formed by [[Robert Maynard Hutchins]] of the [[University of Chicago]] published a ''Preliminary Draft of a World Constitution'' and from 1947 to 1951 published a magazine edited by the daughter of [[Thomas Mann]], [[Elisabeth Mann Borgese]], which was devoted to world government; its title was ''[[Common Cause (magazine)|Common Cause]]''.<ref>[[Mortimer J. Adler]], ''Philosopher at Large:  An Intellectual Biography'' (New York:  Macmillan, 1977), pp. 221–28.</ref>

==== Albert Einstein and World Constitution ====
{{stack|[[File:Albert Einstein Head.jpg|thumb|Einstein (1947; age 68).]]}}
[[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] grew increasingly convinced that the world was veering off course. He arrived at the conclusion that the gravity of the situation demanded more profound actions and the establishment of a "world government" was the only logical solution.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Feld |first=Bernard T. |date= March 1979|orig-date=March 1979 |title=Einstein and the politics of nuclear weapons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7goAAAAAMBAJ |journal=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=11–15 |doi=10.1080/00963402.1979.11458591 |bibcode=1979BuAtS..35c...5F |access-date=2023-08-24 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A policy for survival: A Statement by the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists |url=https://thebulletin.org/archive/a-policy-for-survival-a-statement-by-the-emergency-committee-of-atomic-scientists/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |language=en-US}}</ref> In his "Open Letter to the General Assembly of the United Nations" of October 1947, Einstein emphasized the urgent need for international cooperation and the establishment of a world government.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |url=http://archive.org/details/einsteinonpeace00eins |title=Einstein on peace |last2=Nathan |first2=Otto |last3=Norden |first3=Heinz |date=1968 |publisher=New York, Schocken Books |others=Internet Archive |pages=440–443}}</ref>  In the year 1948, Einstein invited [[United World Federalists|United World Federalists, Inc.]] (UWF) president [[Cord Meyer]] to a meeting of the [[Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists]] (ECAS)<ref>{{Cite web |year=1948 |title=LIFE – Hosted by Google |url=https://images.google.com/hosted/life/5995548573839d10.html |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=images.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1948 |title=LIFE – Hosted by Google |url=https://images.google.com/hosted/life/9bf19f221511e092.html |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=images.google.com}}</ref> and joined UWF as a member of the advisory board.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |url=http://archive.org/details/einsteinonpeace00eins |title=Einstein on peace |last2=Nathan |first2=Otto |last3=Norden |first3=Heinz |date=1968 |publisher=New York, Schocken Books |others=Internet Archive |pages=405}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Cord |url=http://archive.org/details/facingrealityfro00meye |title=Facing reality : from world federalism to the CIA |date=1980 |publisher=New York : Harper & Row |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-06-013032-9 |page=47}}</ref> Einstein and ECAS assisted UEF in fundraising<ref name=":2" /> and provided supporting material.<ref>{{Citation |title=Meares, L.M., August 9, 1947. |url=https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/omeka/items/show/21071 |access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Kirstein, William A., July 11, 1947. |url=https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/omeka/items/show/27971 |access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> Einstein described [[United World Federalists]] as: "the group nearest to our aspirations".<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |url=http://archive.org/details/einsteinonpeace00eins |title=Einstein on peace |last2=Nathan |first2=Otto |last3=Norden |first3=Heinz |date=1968 |publisher=New York, Schocken Books |others=Internet Archive |page=558}}</ref> Einstein and other prominent figures sponsored the [[Peoples' World Convention]] (PWC), which took place in 1950–51<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |url=http://archive.org/details/einsteinonpeace00eins |title=Einstein on peace |last2=Nathan |first2=Otto |last3=Norden |first3=Heinz |date=1968 |publisher=New York, Schocken Books |others=Internet Archive |pages=539, 670, 676}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[Carta] 1950 oct. 12, Genève, [Suiza] [a] Gabriela Mistral, Santiago, Chile [manuscrito] Gerry Kraus. |url=http://www.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl/bnd/623/w3-article-137193.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=BND: Archivo del Escritor}}</ref>  and later continued in the form of [[World Constituent Assembly|world constituent assemblies]] in 1968, 1977, 1978–79, and 1991.<ref name=":112">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Global Strategies & Solutions : Preparing earth constitution |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-07-15 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World Problems |publisher=Union of International Associations |via=uia.org |archive-date=2023-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215501/http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=PANDIT |first=M. P. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20544 |title=WORLD UNION (JANUARY-DECEMBER) 1979 |date=1979 |publisher=WORLD UNION INTERNATIONAL, INDIA |pages=107}}</ref> This effort was successful in creating a [[world constitution]] and a [[Provisional World Government]].<ref name=":112"/>

[[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]] drafted by international legal experts during [[World Constituent Assembly|world constituent assemblies]] in 1968<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> and finalized in 1991,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA) |archive-date=2023-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215501/http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 }}</ref> is a framework of a world federalist government. A Provisional World Government consisting of a [[Provisional World Parliament]] (PWP), a transitional international legislative body, operates under the framework of this world constitution.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Provisional World Parliament {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100012539 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=uia.org}}</ref> This parliament convenes to work on global issues, gathering delegates from different countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-08-15 |title=World Parliament a necessity: CM |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/world-parliament-a-necessity-cm/articleshow/815591.cms |access-date=2023-07-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>