Editing William Byrd (section)

===Gradualia===
The second stage in Byrd's programme of liturgical polyphony is formed by the ''Gradualia'', two cycles of motets containing 109 items and published in 1605 and 1607. They are dedicated to two members of the Catholic nobility, [[Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton]] and Byrd's own patron Sir John Petre, who had been elevated to the peerage in 1603 under the title Lord Petre of Writtle. The appearance of these two monumental collections of Catholic polyphony reflects the hopes which the recusant community must have harboured for an easier life under the new king [[James VI and I|James I]], whose mother, [[Mary Queen of Scots]], had been a Catholic. Addressing Petre (who is known to have lent him money to advance the printing of the collection), Byrd describes the contents of the 1607 set as "blooms collected in your own garden and rightfully due to you as tithes", thus making explicit the fact that they had formed part of Catholic religious observances in the Petre household.

The greater part of the two collections consists of settings of the [[Proper (liturgy)|''Proprium Missae'']] for the major feasts of the [[liturgical year|church calendar]], thus supplementing the Mass Ordinary cycles which Byrd had published in the 1590s. Normally, Byrd includes the ''[[Introit]]'', the [[Gradual]], the ''[[Alleluia]]'' (or [[Tract (liturgy)|Tract]] in Lent if needed), the [[Offertory]] and Communion. The feasts covered include the major feasts of the [[Virgin Mary]] (including the [[votive mass]]es for the Virgin for the four seasons of the church year), [[All Saints' Day|All Saints]] and [[Corpus Christi (feast)|''Corpus Christi'']] (1605) followed by the feasts of the ''[[Temporale]]'' (Christmas, [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], Easter, [[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]], [[Whitsun]], and [[Feast of Saints Peter and Paul]] (with additional items for [[Liberation of Saint Peter#Veneration|St Peter's Chains]] and the [[Votive Mass of the Blessed Sacrament]]) in 1607. The verse of the ''Introit'' is normally set as a semichoir section, returning to full choir scoring for the ''[[Gloria Patri]]''. Similar treatment applies to the Gradual verse, which is normally attached to the opening ''Alleluia'' to form a single item. The liturgy requires repeated settings of the word "''Alleluia''", and Byrd provides a wide variety of different settings forming brilliantly conceived miniature fantasias which are one of the most striking features of the two sets. The ''Alleluia'' verse, together with the closing ''Alleluia'', normally form an item in themselves, while the Offertory and the Communion are set as they stand.

In the [[Roman liturgy]] there are many texts which appear repeatedly in different liturgical contexts. To avoid having to set the same text twice, Byrd often resorted to a cross-reference or "transfer" system which allowed a single setting to be slotted into a different place in the liturgy. This practice sometimes causes confusion, partly because normally no [[rubrics]] are printed to make the required transfer clear and partly because there are some errors which complicate matters still further. A good example of the transfer system in operation is provided by the first motet from the 1605 set (''Suscepimus Deus'' a5) in which the text used for the ''Introit'' has to be reused in a shortened form for the Gradual. Byrd provides a cadential break at the cut-off point.

The 1605 set also contains a number of miscellaneous items which fall outside the liturgical scheme of the main body of the set. As [[Philip Brett]] has pointed out, most of the items from the four- and three-part sections were taken from the Primer (the English name for the ''[[Book of hours]]''), thus falling within the sphere of private devotions rather than public worship. These include, ''inter alia'', settings of the four [[Marian antiphons]] from the [[Roman Rite]], four Marian hymns set a3, a version of the Litany, the gem-like setting of the Eucharistic hymn ''Ave verum Corpus'', and the ''Turbarum voces'' from the [[St John Passion]], as well as a series of miscellaneous items.

In stylistic terms the motets of the ''Gradualia'' form a sharp contrast to those of the ''Cantiones sacrae'' publications. The vast majority are shorter, with the discursive imitative paragraphs of the earlier motets giving place to double phrases in which the counterpoint, though intricate and concentrated, assumes a secondary level of importance. Long imitative paragraphs are the exception, often kept for final climactic sections in the minority of extended motets. The melodic writing often breaks into quaver (eighth-note) motion, tending to undermine the minim (half-note) pulse with surface detail. Some of the more festive items, especially in the 1607 set, feature vivid madrigalesque word-painting. The Marian hymns from the 1605 ''Gradualia'' are set in a light line-by-line imitative counterpoint with crotchet pulse which recalls the three-part English songs from Songs of sundrie natures (1589). For obvious reasons, the ''Gradualia'' never achieved the popularity of Byrd's earlier works. The 1607 set omits several texts, which were evidently too sensitive for publication in the light of the renewed anti-Catholic persecution which followed the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. A contemporary account which sheds light on the circulation of the music between Catholic country houses, refers to the arrest of a young Frenchman named Charles de Ligny, who was followed from an unidentified country house by spies, apprehended, searched and found to be carrying a copy of the 1605 set.{{sfn|Harley|2016b|p=142ff}} Nevertheless, Byrd felt safe enough to reissue both sets with new title pages in 1610