Editing Vulgate (section)

== Manuscripts and editions ==
The Vulgate exists in many forms. The ''[[Codex Amiatinus]]'' is the oldest surviving complete manuscript from the 8th&nbsp;century. The [[Gutenberg Bible]] is a notable printed edition of the Vulgate by Johann Gutenberg in 1455. The [[Sixtine Vulgate]] (1590) is the first official Bible of the Catholic Church. The [[Clementine Vulgate]] (1592) is a standardized edition of the medieval Vulgate, and the second official Bible of the Catholic Church. The [[Stuttgart Vulgate]] is a 1969&nbsp;critical edition of the Vulgate. The ''[[Nova Vulgata]]'' is the third and latest official Bible of the Catholic Church; it was published in 1979, and is a translation from modern critical editions of original language texts of the Bible.

=== Manuscripts and early editions ===
{{Main|Vulgate manuscripts}}
[[File:Codex Amiatinus - Gospel of Mark, chapter 1.jpg|thumb|A page from the ''[[Codex Amiatinus]]'' containing the beginning of the [[Gospel of Mark]]]]
A number of [[Vulgate manuscripts|manuscripts containing or reflecting the Vulgate]] survive today. Dating from the 8th&nbsp;century, the [[Codex Amiatinus]] is the earliest surviving [[manuscript]] of the complete Vulgate Bible. The [[Codex Fuldensis]], dating from around&nbsp;545, contains most of the New Testament in the Vulgate version, but the four [[gospel]]s are harmonised into a continuous narrative derived from the ''[[Diatessaron]]''.

==== Carolingian period ====
{{See also|:de:Alkuin-Bibeln}}
"The two best-known revisions of the Latin Scriptures in the early medieval period were made in the [[Carolingian period]] by [[Alcuin of York]] ({{Circa|730}}–840) and [[Theodulf of Orleans]] (750/760–821)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=39|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref>

Alcuin of York oversaw efforts to make a Latin Bible, an exemplar of which was presented to [[Charlemagne]] in&nbsp;801. Alcuin's edition contained the Vulgate version. It appears Alcuin concentrated only on correcting errors of grammar, [[orthography]] and punctuation. "Even though Alcuin's revision of the Latin Bible was neither the first nor the last of the Carolingian period, it managed to prevail over the other versions and to become the most influential edition for centuries to come." The success of this Bible has been attributed to the fact that this Bible may have been "prescribed as the official version at the emperor's request." However, [[Bonifatius Fischer]] believes its success was rather due to the productivity of the scribes of [[Tours]] where Alcuin was abbot, at the [[Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours|monastery of Saint Martin]]; Fischer believes the emperor only favored the editorial work of Alcuin by encouraging work on the Bible in general.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=39–41|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref>

"Although, in contrast to Alcuin, Theodulf [of Orleans] clearly developed an editorial programme, his work on the Bible was far less influential than that of hs slightly older contemporary. Nevertheless, several manuscripts containing his version have come down to us." Theodulf added to his edition of the Bible the Book of Baruch, which Alcuin's edition did not contain; it is this version of the Book of Baruch which later became part of the Vulgate. In his editorial activity, on at least one manuscript of the Theodulf Bible (S Paris, BNF lat. 9398), Theodulf marked variant readings along with their sources in the margin of the manuscripts. Those marginal notes of variant readings along with their sources "seem to foreshadow the thirteenth-century ''[[Correctories|correctoria]]''."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=41–2|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref> In the 9th&nbsp;century the ''Vetus Latina'' texts of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah were introduced into the Vulgate in versions revised by Theodulf of Orleans and are found in a minority of early medieval Vulgate ''[[wiktionary:pandect#Noun|pandect]]'' bibles from that date onward.<ref name="Bogaert 2005 286–342" />

[[Cassiodorus]], [[Isidore of Sevilla]], and [[Stephen Harding]] also worked on editions of the Latin Bible. Isidore's edition as well as the edition of Cassiodorus "ha[ve] not come down to us."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=39, 250|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref>

By the 9th century, due to the success of Alcuin's edition, the Vulgate had replaced the ''Vetus Latina'' as the most available edition of the Latin Bible.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=47|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref>

==== Late Middle Ages ====
{{See also|Paris Bible}}
The [[University of Paris]], the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], and the [[Franciscans]] assembled lists of ''correctoria''—approved readings—where variants had been noted.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=42–47|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref>

=== Printed editions ===

==== Renaissance====
Though the advent of printing greatly reduced the potential of human error and increased the consistency and uniformity of the text, the earliest editions of the Vulgate merely reproduced the manuscripts that were readily available to publishers. Of the hundreds of early editions, the most notable today is the Mazarin edition published by [[Johann Gutenberg]] and [[Johann Fust]] in 1455, famous for its beauty and antiquity. In 1504, the first Vulgate with variant readings was published in Paris. One of the texts of the [[Complutensian Polyglot]] was an edition of the Vulgate made from ancient manuscripts and corrected to agree with the Greek.

[[Erasmus]] published an edition corrected to agree better with the Greek and Hebrew in 1516. Other corrected editions were published by [[Santes Pagnino|Xanthus Pagninus]] in 1518, [[Thomas Cardinal Cajetan|Cardinal Cajetan]], [[Agostino Steuco|Augustinus Steuchius]] in 1529, Abbot [[Isidoro Chiari|Isidorus Clarius]] ([[Venice]], 1542) and others. In 1528, [[Robert Estienne|Robertus Stephanus]] published the first of a series of critical editions, which formed the basis of the later Sistine and Clementine editions. [[Leuven Vulgate|John Henten's critical edition of the Bible]] followed in 1547.<ref name="ISBE"/>

In 1550, Stephanus fled to [[Geneva]], where he issued his final critical edition of the Vulgate in 1555. This was the first complete Bible with full [[Bible verses|chapter and verse divisions]] and became the standard biblical reference text for late-16th&nbsp;century [[Calvinism|Reformed]] theology.

==== Sixtine and Clementine Vulgates ====
{{Main|Canon of Trent|Sixtine Vulgate|Sixto-Clementine Vulgate}}
[[File:Frontispiece of the Sixtine Vulgate 3.png|alt=|thumb|Frontispiece of the original Sixtine Vulgate|276x276px]]
[[File:Frontispiece of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate (1592).jpg|thumb|Frontispiece of the original 1592 Sixto-Clementine Vulgate|278x278px]]
After the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], when the Catholic Church [[Counter-Reformation|strove to counter Protestantism]] and refute its doctrines, the Vulgate was declared at the Council of Trent to "be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever."<ref name="bible-researcher.com" /> Furthermore, the council expressed the wish that the Vulgate be printed ''quam emendatissime''{{Efn|Literally "in the most correct manner possible"|name=|group=}} ("with fewest possible faults").<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Berger|first=Samuel|url=https://archive.org/stream/labibleauseizim00berggoog#page/n129/mode/2up|title=La Bible au seizième siècle: Étude sur les origines de la critique biblique|year=1879|place=Paris|page=147 ff|language=fr|access-date=2011-01-23}}</ref>

In 1590, the [[Sixtine Vulgate]] was issued, under Sixtus V, as being the official Bible recommended by the Council of Trent.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Scrivener|first=Frederick Henry Ambrose|title=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament|title-link=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|year=1894|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Edward|edition=4th|volume=2|location=London|page=64|chapter=Chapter III. Latin versions|author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|title=Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.|url=https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/V/vulgate.html|access-date=17 September 2019|website=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online|language=en}}</ref> On 27 August 1590, Sixtus&nbsp;V died. After his death, "many claimed that the text of the Sixtine Vulgate was too error-ridden for general use."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pelikan|first=Jaroslav Jan|url=https://archive.org/details/reformationofbib0000peli|title=The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation|date=1996|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|others=Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive|location=New Haven|pages=98|chapter=Catalog of Exhibition [Item 1.14]|isbn=9780300066678|author-link=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> On 5&nbsp;September of the same year, the [[College of Cardinals]] stopped all further sales of the Sixtine Vulgate and bought and destroyed as many copies as possible by burning them. The reason invoked for this action was printing inaccuracies in Sixtus&nbsp;V's edition of the Vulgate. However, [[Bruce M. Metzger|Bruce Metzger]], an American biblical scholar, believes that the printing inaccuracies may have been a pretext and that the attack against this edition had been instigated by the [[Jesuits]], "whom Sixtus had offended by [[Disputationes de Controversiis#Almost in the Index|putting one of Bellarmine's books on the 'Index']] ".<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|title=The Early Versions of the New Testament|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1977|location=Oxford|pages=348–349|author-link=Bruce M. Metzger}}</ref>

In the same year he became pope (1592), Clement&nbsp;VIII recalled all copies of the Sixtine Vulgate.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Scrivener|first=Frederick Henry Ambrose|title=[[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]|author2=Edward Miller|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|year=1894|edition=4|volume=2|location=London|page=64|author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Hastings|first=James|title=A Dictionary of the Bible|year=2004|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|isbn=978-1410217295|volume=4, part 2 (Shimrath – Zuzim)|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|pages=881|language=en|chapter=Vulgate|author-link=James Hastings|orig-year=1898|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC&q=Bull+Aeternus+ille&pg=PA881}}</ref> The reason invoked for recalling Sixtus&nbsp;V's edition was printing errors, however the Sixtine Vulgate was mostly free of them.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":52"/>

The Sistine edition was replaced by [[Pope Clement VIII|Clement&nbsp;VIII]] (1592–1605). This new edition was published in 1592 and is called today the [[Clementine Vulgate]]<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|title=The Early Versions of the New Testament|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1977|location=Oxford|pages=349|author-link=Bruce M. Metzger}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Pelikan|first=Jaroslav Jan|url=https://archive.org/details/reformationofbib0000peli|title=The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation|date=1996|publisher=Yale University Press|others=Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive|location=New Haven|pages=14, 98|chapter=1 : Sacred Philology; Catalog of Exhibition [Item 1.14]|isbn=9780300066678|author-link=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> or Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.<ref name=":8" /> "The misprints of this edition were partly eliminated in a second (1593) and a third (1598) edition."<ref name=":23" />

The Clementine Vulgate is the edition most familiar to Catholics who have lived prior to the [[Liturgical reforms of Pope Paul VI|liturgical reforms]] following [[Vatican II]]. Roger Gryson, in the preface to the 4th&nbsp;edition of the [[Stuttgart Vulgate]] (1994), asserts that the Clementine edition "frequently deviates from the manuscript tradition for literary or doctrinal reasons, and offers only a faint reflection of the original Vulgate, as read in the ''[[wiktionary:pandect#Noun|pandecta]]'' of the first millennium."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliasacraiuxta0000unse_d8t5|title=Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem|publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft|others=Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, Phillips Academy|year=2007|isbn=978-3-438-05303-9|editor-last=Weber|editor-first=Robert|edition=5th|location=Stuttgart|pages=IX, XVIII, XXVIII, XXXVII|chapter=Praefatio|editor-last2=Gryson|editor-first2=Roger|url-access=registration}}</ref> However, historical scholar Cardinal [[Francis Aidan Gasquet]], in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]], states that the Clementine Vulgate substantially represents the Vulgate which Jerome produced in the 4th century, although "it stands in need of close examination and much correction to make it [completely] agree with the translation of St. Jerome".<ref>Gasquet, F.A. (1912). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15515b.htm Revision of Vulgate]. In the Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved July 25, 2022.</ref>

=== Modern critical editions ===
Most other later editions were limited to the New Testament and did not present a full critical apparatus, most notably [[Karl Lachmann]]'s editions of 1842 and 1850 based primarily on the Codex Amiatinus and the Codex Fuldensis,<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Reimer|last=Lachmann|first=Karl|title=Novum Testamentum graece et latine|location=Berlin|year=1842–50}} (Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxc-AAAAcAAJ Volume 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=BVgPAAAAQAAJ Volume 2])</ref> Fleck's edition<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R7rgfv_Fp0C&q=%22vulgatae+editionis%22&pg=PP7|title=Novum Testamentum Vulgatae editionis juxta textum Clementis VIII.: Romanum ex Typogr. Apost. Vatic. A.1592. accurate expressum. Cum variantibus in margine lectionibus antiquissimi et praestantissimi codicis olim monasterii Montis Amiatae in Etruria, nunc bibliothecae Florentinae Laurentianae Mediceae saec. VI. p. Chr. scripti. Praemissa est commentatio de codice Amiatino et versione latina vulgata|date=26 June 2017|publisher=Sumtibus et Typis C. Tauchnitii|access-date=26 June 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref> of 1840, and [[Constantin von Tischendorf]]'s edition of 1864. In 1906 [[Eberhard Nestle]] published ''Novum Testamentum Latine'',<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Württembergische Bibelanstalt|last=Nestle|first=Eberhard|title=Novum Testamentum Latine: textum Vaticanum cum apparatu critico ex editionibus et libris manu scriptis collecto imprimendum|location=Stuttgart|year=1906|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NIUNAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> which presented the Clementine Vulgate text with a critical apparatus comparing it to the editions of Sixtus&nbsp;V (1590), Lachman (1842), Tischendorf (1854), and Wordsworth and White (1889), as well as the Codex Amiatinus and the Codex Fuldensis.

To make a text available representative of the earliest copies of the Vulgate and summarise the most common variants between the various manuscripts, [[Anglican]] scholars at the [[University of Oxford]] began to [[Oxford Vulgate|edit the New Testament]] in 1878 (completed in 1954), while the [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictines]] of Rome began [[Benedictine Vulgate|an edition of the Old Testament]] in 1907 (completed in&nbsp;1995). The Oxford Anglican scholars's findings were condensed into [[Stuttgart Vulgate|an edition of both the Old and New Testaments, first published at Stuttgart in 1969]], created with the participation of members from both projects. These books are the standard editions of the Vulgate used by scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=28|issue=1|pages=56–58|last=Kilpatrick|first=G. D.|title=The Itala|journal=[[The Classical Review]]|series=n.s.|year=1978|jstor=3062542|doi=10.1017/s0009840x00225523|s2cid=163698896}}</ref>

==== {{anchor|Oxford Vulgate|Wordsworth and White (Oxford) New Testament|Oxford Vulgate New Testament}} Oxford New Testament ====
{{Main|Oxford Vulgate}}
As a result of the inaccuracy of existing editions of the Vulgate, in 1878, the delegates of the [[Oxford University Press]] accepted a proposal from classicist [[John Wordsworth]] to produce a critical edition of the New Testament.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wordsworth|first=John|title=The Oxford critical edition of the Vulgate New Testament|location=Oxford|year=1883|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008730879|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Longmans, Green|last=Watson|first=E.W.|title=Life of Bishop John Wordsworth|location=London|year=1915|url=https://archive.org/details/a613342800watsuoft}}</ref> This was eventually published as ''Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum editionem sancti Hieronymi'' in three volumes between&nbsp;1889 and&nbsp;1954.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Clarendon Press|others=John Wordsworth, Henry Julian White (eds.)|title=Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum editionem sancti Hieronymi|location=Oxford|date=1889–1954}} 3 vols.</ref>

The edition, commonly known as the [[Oxford Vulgate]], relies primarily on the texts of the Codex Amiatinus, Codex Fuldensis (Codex Harleianus in the Gospels), [[Codex Sangermanensis I|Codex Sangermanensis]], Codex Mediolanensis (in the Gospels), and Codex Reginensis (in Paul).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|others=Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.)|year=2007|edition=5|location=Stuttgart|page=XLVI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|page=130}}</ref>  It also consistently cites readings in the so-called DELQR group of manuscripts, named after the ''[[siglum|sigla]]'' it uses for them: [[Book of Armagh]]&nbsp;(D), [[Breton Gospel Book (British Library, MS Egerton 609)|Egerton Gospels]]&nbsp;(E), [[Lichfield Gospels]]&nbsp;(L), [[Book of Kells]]&nbsp;(Q), and Rushworth Gospels&nbsp;(R).<ref>{{cite book|author1=H. A. G. Houghton|title=The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts|date=2016|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0198744733|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|access-date=5 June 2016}}</ref>

==== Benedictine (Rome) Old Testament ====
{{Main|Benedictine Vulgate}}
In 1907, Pope [[Pius&nbsp;X]] commissioned the [[Benedictine]] monks to prepare a critical edition of Jerome's Vulgate, entitled ''Biblia Sacra iuxta latinam vulgatam versionem''.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=[[Libreria Editrice Vaticana]]|isbn=8820921286|others=Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City (ed.)|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta latinam vulgatam versionem|location=Rome|orig-year=1926|year=1995}} 18 vols.</ref> This text was originally planned as the basis for a revised complete official Bible for the Catholic Church to replace the Clementine edition.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|last=Gasquet|first=F.A.|title=Vulgate, Revision of|encyclopedia=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]|location=New York|year=1912|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15515b.htm}}</ref> The first volume, the Pentateuch, was completed in&nbsp;1926.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1093/jts/os-XXIV.96.406|issn=0022-5185|volume=24|issue=96|pages=406–414|last=Burkitt|first=F.C.|title=The text of the Vulgate|journal=The Journal of Theological Studies|series=o.s.|year=1923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|issn=0017-1417|volume=37|issue=8|pages=777–781|last=Kraft|first=Robert A.|title=Review of Biblia Sacra iuxta Latinam vulgatam versionem ad codicum fidem iussu Pauli Pp. VI. cura et studio monachorum abbatiae pontificiae Sancti Hieronymi in Urbe ordinis Sancti Benedicti edita. 12: Sapientia Salomonis. Liber Hiesu Filii Sirach|journal=[[Gnomon (journal)|Gnomon]]|year=1965|jstor=27683795}} {{Cite journal|volume=13|issue=1|pages=70–71|last=Préaux|first=Jean G.|title=Review of Biblia Sacra iuxta latinum vulgatam versionem. Liber psalmorum ex recensione sancti Hieronymi cum praefationibus et epistula ad Sunniam et Fretelam|journal=Latomus|year=1954|jstor=41520237}}</ref>  For the Pentateuch, the primary sources for the text are the [[Codex Amiatinus]], the Codex Turonensis (the [[Ashburnham Pentateuch]]), and the Ottobonianus Octateuch.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weld-Blundell|first=Adrian|year=1947|title=The Revision of the Vulgate Bible|url=http://biblicalstudies.gospelstudies.org.uk/pdf/scripture/02-4_100.pdf|journal=Scripture|volume=2|issue=4|pages=100–104}}</ref>  For the rest of the Old Testament (except the [[Book of Psalms]]) the primary sources for the text are the [[Codex Amiatinus]] and [[La Cava Bible|Codex Cavensis]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|others=Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.)|year=2007|edition=5|location=Stuttgart|page=XLIII}}</ref>

Following the Codex Amiatinus and the Vulgate texts of Alcuin and Theodulf, the Benedictine Vulgate reunited the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah into a single book, reversing the decisions of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.

In 1933, Pope Pius&nbsp;XI established the [[Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City]] to complete the work. By the 1970s, as a result of liturgical changes that had spurred the Vatican to produce a new translation of the Latin Bible, the ''[[Nova Vulgata]]'', the [[Benedictine edition of the Vulgate|Benedictine edition]] was no longer required for official purposes,<ref name="scripturarum">{{cite web|title=Scripturarum Thesarurus, Apostolic Constitution, 25 April 1979, John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19790425_scripturarum-thesaurus_en.html|publisher=Vatican: The Holy See|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> and the abbey was suppressed in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pope John Paul II|title=Epistula Vincentio Truijen OSB Abbati Claravallensi, 'De Pontificia Commissione Vulgatae editioni recognoscendae atque emendandae'|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_19840115_truijen_lt.html|publisher=Vatican: The Holy See|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> Five monks were nonetheless allowed to complete the final two volumes of the Old Testament, which were published under the abbey's name in 1987 and 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bibliorum Sacrorum Vetus Vulgata|url=http://www.libreriaeditricevaticana.com/it/catalogue/catalogo.jsp?cat=B38|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131219183331/http://www.libreriaeditricevaticana.com/it/catalogue/catalogo.jsp?cat=B38|archive-date=19 December 2013|access-date=19 December 2013|website=Libreria Editrice Vaticana}}</ref>

==== {{Anchor|Stuttgart edition|Weber-Gryson (Stuttgart) edition}}Stuttgart Vulgate ====
{{Main|Stuttgart Vulgate}}[[File:Concordance of Stuttgart Latin Vulgate Bible.jpg|thumb|Concordance to the Vulgate Bible for the Stuttgart Vulgate|242x242px]]Based on the editions of Oxford and Rome, but with an independent examination of the manuscript evidence and extending their lists of primary witnesses for some books, the Württembergische Bibelanstalt, later the [[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] (German Bible Society), based in Stuttgart, first published a critical edition of the complete Vulgate in 1969. The work has continued to be updated, with a fifth edition appearing in 2007.<ref name="Stuttgart5">{{Cite book|edition=5|publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft|isbn=978-3-438-05303-9|others=Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.)|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem|location=Stuttgart|year=2007}}</ref> The project was originally directed by Robert Weber, OSB (a monk of the same Benedictine abbey responsible for the Benedictine edition), with collaborators [[Bonifatius Fischer]], [[Jean Gribomont]], Hedley Frederick Davis Sparks (also responsible for the completion of the Oxford edition), and Walter Thiele. Roger Gryson has been responsible for the most recent editions. It is thus marketed by its publisher as the "Weber-Gryson" edition, but is also frequently referred to as the Stuttgart edition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Die Vulgata (ed. Weber/Gryson)|url=http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/online-bibeln/biblia-sacra-vulgata/informationen-zur-bibelausgabe/|publisher=bibelwissenschaft.de|access-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>

The Weber-Gryson includes of Jerome's prologues and the [[Eusebian Canons]].

It contains two Psalters, the ''[[Gallican psalter|Gallicanum]]'' and the ''[[juxta Hebraicum]]'', which are printed on facing pages to allow easy comparison and contrast between the two versions. It has an expanded [[Biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]], containing Psalm&nbsp;151 and the Epistle to the Laodiceans in addition to&nbsp;3 and&nbsp;4&nbsp;Ezra and the [[Prayer of Manasses]]. In addition, its modern prefaces in Latin, German, French, and English are a source of valuable information about the history of the Vulgate.

=== ''Nova Vulgata'' ===
{{Main|Nova Vulgata}}

The ''[[Nova Vulgata]]'' (''Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio''), also called the Neo-Vulgate, is the official Latin edition of the Bible published by the [[Holy See]] for use in the contemporary [[Roman rite]]. It is not a critical edition of the historical Vulgate, but a revision of the text intended to accord with modern critical Hebrew and Greek texts and produce a style closer to Classical Latin.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=25|issue=1|pages=67–81|last=Stramare|first=Tarcisio|title=Die Neo-Vulgata. Zur Gestaltung des Textes|journal=Biblische Zeitschrift|year=1981|doi=10.30965/25890468-02501005|s2cid=244689083}}</ref>

In 1979, the ''Nova Vulgata'' was promulgated as "typical" (standard) by [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul&nbsp;II]].<ref name="scripturarum2">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19790425_scripturarum-thesaurus_en.html|title=Scripturarum Thesarurus, Apostolic Constitution, 25 April 1979, John Paul II|publisher=Vatican: The Holy See|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref>

=== {{Anchor|Electronic versions}}Online versions ===
The title "Vulgate" is currently applied to three distinct online texts which can be found from various sources on the Internet. The text being used can be ascertained from the spelling of [[Eve]]'s name in Genesis&nbsp;3:20:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taylormarshall.com/2012/03/which-latin-vulgate-should-you-purchase.html|title=Which Latin Vulgate Should You Purchase?|last=Marshall|first=Taylor|date=23 March 2012|website=[[Taylor Marshall]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQqCwAAQBAJ&q=noun+as+eva&pg=PA132|title=The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198744733|pages=133|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Heva''': the [[Clementine Vulgate]]
* '''Hava''': the [[Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate]]
* '''Eva''': the ''[[Nova Vulgata]]''