Editing Virginia (section)

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Virginia}}
{{See also|Virginia locations by per capita income}}
[[File:Virginia Median Household Income 2015–2019.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Counties and cities by median household income between 2015 and 2019|alt=Map of Virginia counties colored by median household income, ranging from gray, to blue, to darker green.]]
Virginia's economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and high-tech. The state's [[List of U.S. states and territories by income|average per capita income]] in 2022 was $68,211,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://apps.bea.gov/itable/index.html?appid=70&stepnum=40&Major_Area=3&State=0&Area=XX&TableId=21&Statistic=3&Year=202&YearBegin=-1&Year_End=-1&Unit_Of_Measure=Levels&Rank=1&Drill=1&nRange=5&AppId=70 |publisher= U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |title= SAINC1 State annual personal income summary: personal income, population, per capita personal income |date= March 31, 2023 |access-date= April 11, 2023}}</ref> and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by GDP|gross domestic product]] (GDP) was $654.5{{nbsp}}billion, both ranking as 13th-highest among U.S. states.<ref name=gdp>{{cite web |title=GDP by State |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state |website=GDP by State &#124; U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis |date= December 23, 2022 |access-date=February 7, 2023}}</ref> The [[COVID-19 recession]] caused jobless claims due to soar over 10% in early April 2020,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.pilotonline.com/business/jobs/vp-bz-virginia-unemployment-rate-20200522-lttkk3pg75eyli24vqevglm7mu-story.html |title= Virginia's unemployment rate grows past 10 percent in April |first= Kimberly |last= Pierceall |newspaper= The Virginian-Pilot |date= May 22, 2020 |access-date= September 24, 2020}}</ref> returning to pre-pandemic levels in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.va.htm#eag_va.f.2 |title=  Economy at a Glance |website= U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date= March 19, 2021 |access-date= March 25, 2021}}</ref> In March 2025, the unemployment rate was 3.2%, which was the 11h-lowest nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bls.gov/web/laus/laumstrk.htm |title= Unemployment Rates for States, Seasonally Adjusted |website= U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date= April 18, 2025 |access-date= May 1, 2025}}</ref>

Virginia has a [[median household income]] of $96,490, {{as of|2023|lc=on}}, 8th-highest nationwide, and a poverty rate of 10.3%, [[List of U.S. states and territories by poverty rate|10th-lowest nationwide]].<ref name=QuickFacts/> [[Montgomery County, Virginia|Montgomery County]] outside [[Blacksburg, Virginia|Blacksburg]] has the highest poverty rate in the state, with 28.5% falling below the [[Poverty thresholds (United States Census Bureau)|U.S. Census poverty thresholds]]. [[Loudoun County, Virginia|Loudoun County]] meanwhile has the highest median household income in the nation, and the wider [[Northern Virginia]] region is among the highest-income regions nationwide.<ref name=poverty>{{cite news |url= https://www.nbc12.com/2019/10/04/data-show-poverty-income-trends-virginia/ |title= Data show poverty and income trends in Virginia |first= Adam |last= Hamza |date= October 4, 2019 |access-date= March 5, 2020 |work= [[WWBT|NBC12]]}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, eighteen of the hundred [[highest-income counties in the United States]], including the two highest, are located in Northern Virginia.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.yahoo.com/video/25-wealthiest-counties-us-180300049.html |title= 25 Wealthiest Counties in the US |website= Yahoo! News |date= December 1, 2022 |access-date= February 7, 2023}}</ref> Though [[List of U.S. states by median home price|median home prices]] in Virginia are generally above the national average, particularly in Northern Virginia, where they were 44.8% higher in May 2024, at $760,000,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://northernvirginiamag.com/home/real-estate/2024/06/25/median-may-home-price-in-nova-jumps-45k-from-2023/ |title= Median May Home Price in NoVA Jumps $45K from 2023 |website= Northern Virginia Magazine |first= Colleen |last= Kelleher |date= June 25, 2024 |access-date= October 18, 2024}}</ref> 69.1% of [[Housing in Virginia|Virginians own their home]] {{as of|2023|lc=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date= March 13, 2024 |title= Homeownership Rate for Virginia |url= https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/VAHOWN |access-date=October 17, 2024 |website= Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> The [[Hampton Roads]] region has the state's highest per capita number of homeless individuals, with 11 per 10,000, {{As of|2020|lc=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://endhomelessness.org/homelessness-in-america/homelessness-statistics/state-of-homelessness-dashboards/?State=Virginia |title= SOH: State and CoC Dashboards |website= National Alliance to End Homelessness |date= 2020 |access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref> Though the [[List of U.S. states by Gini coefficient|Gini index]] shows Virginia has less [[income inequality]] than the national average,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://patch.com/virginia/leesburg/poverty-income-trends-virginia |title= Virginia Poverty Rate Stable, Loudoun County Has Top Income |website= Patch Leesburg |first= Deb |last= Belt |date= October 3, 2019 |access-date= March 6, 2020}}</ref> the state's middle class is also smaller than the majority of states.<ref name=247wallst>{{cite news |url= https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/11/27/income-it-takes-to-be-considered-middle-class-in-every-state/11/ |title= Income It Takes to Be Considered Middle Class in Every State |first= Michael B. |last= Sauter |date= February 17, 2020 |website= 24/7 Wall St. |access-date= March 25, 2020}}</ref>

[[CNBC]] ranked Virginia as their 2024 [[America's Top States For Business|Top State for Business]], with its deductions being mainly for the high cost of business and living,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.axios.com/local/richmond/2024/07/11/virginia-top-state-business-2024-north-carolina |title= Virginia bests North Carolina as the top state for business in 2024 |date= July 11, 2024 |first= Karri |last= Peifer |access-date= July 11, 2024 |website= Axios}}</ref> while ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine ranked it as the sixteenth best to start a business in.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.forbes.com/advisor/business/best-states-to-start-a-business/ |title= Ranked: The Best States To Start a Business In 2023 |first1= Kelly |last1= Main |first2= Cassie |last2= Bottorff |date= November 30, 2022 |website= Forbes |access-date= February 8, 2023}}</ref> [[Oxfam America]] however ranked Virginia {{As of|2024|alt=in 2024}} as only the 26th-best state to work in, with pluses for worker protections from sexual harassment and [[pregnancy discrimination]], but negatives for laws on organized labor and the low tipped employee [[minimum wage]] of $2.13.<ref name=oxfam>{{cite web |url= https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/issues/economic-justice/workers-rights/best-states-to-work/scorecard/?state=VA |title= Best States to Work 2024 |website= Oxfam America |date= August 28, 2024 |access-date= September 7, 2024}}</ref> Virginia has been an [[At-will employment|employment-at-will]] state since 1906 and a "[[Right-to-work law|right to work]]" state since 1947,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.richmond.com/business/labor-law-no-notice-required-to-terminate-an-at-will/article_71c5e6ff-4a57-5b37-94fb-348aff347ce9.html |title= Labor Law: No notice required to terminate an "at will" employee |first= Karen |last= Michael |newspaper= The Richmond Times-Dispatch |date= July 4, 2016 |access-date= March 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/02/va-dems-kill-pro-union-bill-after-learning-ceos-oppose-it.html |title= VA Democrats Kill Pro-Union Bill After Learning CEOs Oppose It |first= Eric |last= Levitz |magazine= New York Magazine |date= February 11, 2020 |access-date= March 4, 2020}}</ref> and though state minimum wage increased to $12 in 2023, farm and tipped workers are specifically excluded.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.wdbj7.com/2023/01/02/minimum-wage-increases-12/ |title= Virginia's minimum wage increases to $12 |first= Andrew |last= Webb |website= WDBJ7 |date= January 2, 2023 |access-date= January 17, 2023}}</ref><ref name=oxfam/>

===Government agencies===
[[File:The Pentagon, cropped square.png|thumb|The [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] is headquartered in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]] at [[the Pentagon]].|alt=Aerial view of the huge five-sided building and its multiple rings. Parking lots and highways stretch away from it.]]

Government agencies directly employ around 714,100 Virginians {{as of|2022|lc=on}}, almost 17% of all employees in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Virginia Economy at a Glance|url=https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.va.htm|website= U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date= February 6, 2023|access-date=February 7, 2023}}</ref> Approximately 12% of all [[Government procurement in the United States|U.S. federal procurement]] money is spent in Virginia, the second-highest amount after [[California]].<ref name=fedspend>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/government/2012/08/03/states-that-get-most-federal-money/|title=States That Get The Most Federal Money|publisher=[[Fox Business Network]]|first1=Michael B.|last1=Sauter|first2=Lisa|last2=Uible|first3=Lisa|last3=Nelson|first4=Alexander E. M.|last4=Hess|date=August 3, 2012|access-date=May 1, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194124/http://www.foxbusiness.com/government/2012/08/03/states-that-get-most-federal-money/|archive-date=February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref name=weighdefense>{{cite news|title=Virginia weighs its dependence on defense spending|first=Nicole Anderson|last=Ellis|date=September 1, 2008|work=Virginia Business|url=http://www.virginiabusiness.com/index.php/news/article/virginia-weighs-its-dependence-on-defense-spending/1829/|access-date=May 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206032219/http://www.virginiabusiness.com/index.php/news/article/virginia-weighs-its-dependence-on-defense-spending/1829/|archive-date=February 6, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{as of|2020}}, 125,648&nbsp;active-duty personnel, 25,404 reservists, and 99,832&nbsp;civilians work directly for the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] at [[the Pentagon]] or one of 27&nbsp;military bases in the state covering {{convert|270,009|acres|km2}}.<ref name=mil>{{cite web |url= https://www.repi.mil/Portals/44/Documents/State_Fact_Sheets/Virginia_StateFacts.pdf |title= Virginia State Profile |date= March 2, 2022 |website= Readiness and Environmental Protection Integration Program |access-date= February 7, 2023}}</ref> Another 139,000&nbsp;Virginians work for [[government contractor|defense contracting]] firms,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://richmond.com/business/economic-impact-the-number-of-defense-contracts-in-virginia-continues-to-increase-which-is-good/article_a6ba1697-0bc3-528a-8178-0799e8f14737.html |title= Economic Impact: The number of defense contracts in Virginia continues to increase, which is good news for the state's economy |newspaper= The Richmond Times-Dispatch |first= Christine |last= Chmura |date= July 7, 2019 |access-date= May 4, 2021}}</ref> which received $44.8&nbsp;billion worth of contracts in the 2020 fiscal year.<ref name=mil/> Virginia has the second highest concentration of veterans of any state with 9.7% of the population. The [[Hampton Roads]] area is home to the world's largest navy base and only [[NATO]] station on U.S. soil, [[Naval Station Norfolk]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/slideshows/where-veterans-live?onepage |title= These States Have the Highest Percentage of Veterans |website= U.S. News & World Report |first= Chris |last= Gilligan |date= November 11, 2022 |access-date= February 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name=mil/>

Other large [[List of federal agencies in Northern Virginia|federal agencies in Northern Virginia]] include the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in [[Langley, Virginia|Langley]], the [[National Science Foundation]] and [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]] in [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], the [[United States Geological Survey|U.S. Geological Survey]] in [[Reston, Virginia|Reston]], and the [[United States Fish & Wildlife Service|U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service]] in [[Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia|Bailey's Crossroads]]. Virginia's state government employs over 106,000 public employees, who combined have a median income of $52,401 {{as of|2018|lc=on}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.richmond.com/salaries/2018/state|title=2018-19 salaries of Virginia state employees|website=The Richmond Times-Dispatch|date=November 1, 2018|access-date=May 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200657/https://data.richmond.com/salaries/2018/state|archive-date=November 11, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> with the [[Virginia Department of Transportation|Departments of Transportation]] and of [[Virginia Department of Education|Education]] the two largest state departments by expenditure.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.datapoint.apa.virginia.gov/dashboard.php?Page=Budget&FiscalYear=2022&Budget%20Type=CAP&Name=Executive&Branch=EXB#1a |title= Commonwealth Data Point Budget |publisher= Virginia Auditor of Public Accounts |year= 2021 |access-date= November 24, 2021}}</ref> K–12 teachers in Virginia make an annual average of $59,970, which is thirteen-lowest in the U.S. when adjusted for the state's [[cost of living]] as of the 2021–22 school year.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://usafacts.org/articles/which-states-pay-teachers-the-most-and-least/ |title= Which states pay teachers the most and least? |website= USA Facts |date= November 20, 2023 |access-date= January 6, 2024}}</ref>

===Business===
[[File:Virginia Beach waterfront.jpg|thumb|Ocean tourism is an important sector of [[Virginia Beach, Virginia|Virginia Beach's]] economy.|alt=High-rise hotels line the ocean front covered with colorful beach-goers.]]
Based on data {{As of|2020|lc=on}}, Virginia is home to 204,131 separate employers plus 644,341 [[sole proprietorship]]s. Of the 144,431&nbsp;registered non-farm businesses {{As of|2017|alt=in 2017}}, 59.4% are majority male-owned, 22% are majority female-owned, 19.6% are majority minority-owned, and 8.9% are veteran-owned.<ref name=QuickFacts/> Twenty-four [[Fortune 500]] companies are headquartered in Virginia {{as of|2024|lc=on}}, with the largest companies by revenue being [[Freddie Mac]], [[Boeing]], [[RTX Corporation]], [[Performance Food Group]], and [[Capital One]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/39-va-companies-make-2024-fortune-1000-list/ |title= These 39 Va. companies made the 2024 Fortune 1000 |first= Richard |last= Foster |website= Virginia Business |date= June 4, 2024 |access-date= August 22, 2024}}</ref> The two largest by number of employees are [[Dollar Tree]] in [[Chesapeake, Virginia|Chesapeake]] and [[Hilton Worldwide Holdings]] in [[McLean, Virginia|McLean]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.zippia.com/advice/largest-companies-in-virginia/ |title= The 100 Largest Companies In Virginia For 2020 |first= Chris |last= Kolmar |website= Zippa.com |date= February 2020 |access-date= March 5, 2020}}</ref>

Virginia has the third highest concentration of technology workers and the fifth highest overall number among U.S. states {{as of|2020|lc=on}}, with the 451,268&nbsp;tech jobs accounting for 11.1% of all jobs in the state and earning a median salary of $98,292.<ref name=cyberstates>{{cite press release|url=https://www.cyberstates.org/pdf/CompTIA_Cyberstates_2021.pdf |title= Cyberstates 2021 |publisher= CompTIA |date= March 2021 |access-date= May 27, 2021}}</ref> Many of these jobs are in [[Northern Virginia]], which hosts a large number of software, communications, and cybersecurity companies, particularly in the [[Dulles Technology Corridor]] and [[Tysons, Virginia|Tysons]] areas. [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] additionally selected [[Crystal City, Virginia|Crystal City]] for [[Amazon HQ2|its HQ2]] in 2018, while [[Google]] expanded their [[Reston, Virginia|Reston]] offices in 2019.

Northern Virginia became the world's largest [[data center]] market in 2016, with over {{convert|47.7|e6sqft|km2}} {{as of|2023|lc=on}},<ref>{{cite news |url= https://dcist.com/story/23/09/01/northern-virginia-data-center-report/ |title= Northern Virginia's Data Center Industry Is Booming. But Is It Sustainble? |first= Margaret |last= Barthel |website= DCist |date= September 1, 2023 |access-date= September 8, 2023 |archive-date= September 8, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230908132350/https://dcist.com/story/23/09/01/northern-virginia-data-center-report/ |url-status= live}}</ref> much of it in [[Loudoun County, Virginia|Loudoun County]], which has branded itself "Data Center Alley".<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/you-can-google-it/ |title= You Can Google It |website= Virginia Business |date= March 1, 2020 |first= Stephenie |last= Overman |access-date= May 27, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.virginiamercury.com/2021/05/05/data-centers-and-electric-vehicles-will-drive-up-virginia-electricity-demand-uva-forecaster-predicts/ |title= Data centers and electric vehicles will drive up Virginia electricity demand, UVA forecaster predicts |first= Sarah |last= Vogelsong |newspaper= The Virginia Mercury |date= May 5, 2021 |access-date= May 27, 2021}}</ref> Data centers in Virginia handled around one-third of all internet traffic and directly employed 13,500 Virginians in 2023 and supported 45,000 total jobs.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/02/10/data-centers-northern-virginia-internet/ |title= Northern Va. is the heart of the internet. Not everyone is happy about that. |newspaper= The Washington Post |first= Antonio |last= Olivo |date= February 10, 2023 |access-date= February 22, 2023}}</ref> Virginia had the second fastest average internet speed among U.S. states that year and ninth highest percent of households with broadband access, at 93.6%.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.highspeedinternet.com/resources/fastest-slowest-internet |title= The 10 Fastest and Slowest States for Internet Speeds in 2022 |website= HighSpeedInternet.com |first1= Peter |last1= Holslin |first2= Rebecca Lee |last2= Armstrong |date= April 13, 2022 |access-date= February 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://broadbandnow.com/research/best-states-with-internet-coverage-and-speed |title= Best & Worst States for Broadband, 2023 |first= Jason |last= Shevik |website= BroadbandNow |date= August 8, 2023 |access-date= September 8, 2023}}</ref> [[Integrated circuit|Computer chips]] became the state's highest-grossing export in 2006,<ref name=chips>{{cite news|url=http://content.hamptonroads.com/story.cfm?story=120082&ran=25886|title=Computer chips now lead Virginia exports|first=Gregory|last=Richards|work=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|date=February 24, 2007|access-date=September 29, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310155937/http://content.hamptonroads.com/story.cfm?story=120082&ran=25886|archive-date=March 10, 2007}}</ref> and had an estimated export value of $740{{nbsp}}million in 2022.<ref name=chips_census>{{cite web |url= https://www.vedp.org/sites/default/files/vedp-media/Partner%20Resources/international%20trade%20meeting%20materials/Open%20Session%20Presentation%20-%20ACIT%20Meeting%20-%20September%2013%2C%202022.pdf |title= Virginia Export and Import Data |website= Virginia Economic Development Partnership |date= February 7, 2023 |access-date= February 22, 2023}}</ref> Though in the top quartile for diversity based on the [[Simpson index]], only 26% of tech employees in Virginia are women, and only 13% are Black or African American.<ref name=cyberstates/>

Tourists spent a record $33.3{{nbsp}}billion in Virginia in 2023, an increase of 10% from the previous year, supporting an estimated 224,000&nbsp;jobs, an increase of 13,000.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://richmond.com/news/local/business/virginia-tourism-record-spendinhg/article_d4ea00cc-535c-11ef-b22e-0bc265abafaf.html |title= Virginia tourism spending hits record |first= Dave |last= Ress |website= The Richmond Times-Dispatch |date= August 5, 2024 |access-date= August 7, 2024}}</ref> The state ranked as the eighth most visited based on data from 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.thetravel.com/most-visited-states-in-the-us/ |title= These Are The 10 Most Visited States In The US |website= The Travel |first= Alicia |last= Remmy |date= December 16, 2023 |access-date= August 7, 2024}}</ref> That year saw 745,000&nbsp;international visitors, with 41% coming from [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vatc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/International-Travelers-2022-2.pdf |title= International Travelers to Virginia 2022 |website= Virginia Tourism Corporation |date= October 18, 2023 |access-date= August 7, 2024}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
[[File:Farmers in Rockingham County, Virginia.jpg|thumb|[[Rockingham County, Virginia|Rockingham County]] in the [[Shenandoah Valley]] accounts for twenty percent of Virginia's agricultural sales {{as of|2017|lc=on}}, with the valley as a whole being the state's most productive region.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/growth-industry-2/ |title= Growth industry: Agriculture powers valley jobs, investment |first= Maria |last= Howard |website= Virginia Business |date= August 30, 2023 |access-date= February 8, 2024}}</ref>|alt=Two adult men in green and red baseball caps work with their hands while crouching down in a field of wide green leaves.]]

{{As of|2021}}, agriculture occupies 30% of the land in Virginia with 7.7{{nbsp}}million acres (12,031 sq mi; 31,161&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of farmland. Nearly 54,000 Virginians work on the state's 41,500 farms, which average {{convert|186|acre|sqmi km2|2|abbr=on}}. Though agriculture has declined significantly since 1960, when there were twice as many farms, it remains the largest industry in Virginia, providing for over 490,000&nbsp;jobs.<ref name=agfacts>{{cite web|url=https://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/markets-and-finance-agriculture-facts-and-figures.shtml |title=Virginia Agriculture—Facts and Figures |year=2022 |access-date=October 2, 2023 |publisher=Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services}}</ref> Soybeans were the most profitable single crop in Virginia in 2022,<ref name="Virginia's Top 20 Farm Commodities">{{cite web |url= https://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/agriculture-top20.shtml |title= Virginia's Top 20 Farm Commodities |date= November 30, 2023 |publisher=Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services |access-date= February 10, 2024}}</ref> although the ongoing [[China–United States trade war|trade war with China]] has led many Virginia farmers to plant cotton instead.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.virginiamercury.com/blog-va/2019-was-good-for-cotton-bad-for-soybeans-and-tobacco-in-virginia/ |title= 2019 was good for cotton, bad for soybeans and tobacco in Virginia |first= Sarah |last= Vogelsong |website= Virginia Mercury |date= January 17, 2020 |access-date= March 8, 2020}}</ref> Other leading agricultural products include corn, cut flowers, and tobacco, where the state ranks third nationally in [[Cultivation of tobacco|production]].<ref name=agfacts/><ref name="Virginia's Top 20 Farm Commodities"/>

Virginia is the country's third-largest producer of seafood {{as of|2021|lc=on}}, with [[Placopecten magellanicus|sea scallops]], oysters, [[Callinectes sapidus|Chesapeake blue crabs]], [[menhaden]], and hardshell clams as the largest seafood harvests by value, and [[France]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Hong Kong]] as the top export destinations.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://virginiaoysters.org/2023/seafood/facts-about-the-virginia-commercial-seafood-industry-2023/ |title= Facts About The Virginia Commercial Seafood Industry 2023 |website= Virginia Seafood and Virginia Marine Products Board |date= September 22, 2023 |access-date= February 10, 2024}}</ref> Commercial fishing supports 18,220 jobs {{as of|2020|lc=on}}, while recreation fishing supports another 5,893.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.dailypress.com/business/dp-nw-coronavirus-vrmc-economic-fisheries-impact-20200421-2do5aune7vee5bc7l4mkm7dt64-story.html |title= Virginia's fishing industry has lost millions because of coronavirus pandemic, internal memo says |first= Lisa Vernon |last=Sparks |newspaper= The Daily Press |date= April 21, 2020 |access-date= July 4, 2020}}</ref> The population of [[eastern oyster]]s collapsed in the 1980s due to pollution and overharvesting, but has slowly rebounded, and the 2022–2023 season saw the largest harvest in 35 years with around {{convert|700,000|USbu|kL}}.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.vpm.org/news/2024-01-08/virginia-oyster-harvest-hits-milestone |title=  Virginia oyster harvest hits milestone |website= VPM |first= Patrick |last= Larsen |date= January 8, 2024 |access-date= February 10, 2024}}</ref> A warm winter and a dry summer made the 2023 wine harvest one of the best for vineyards in the [[Northern Neck]] and along the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]], which also attract 2.6{{nbsp}}million tourists annually.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://dailyprogress.com/news/local/business/2023-could-be-a-banner-year-for-virginia-wine/article_21c00a58-7f10-11ee-a7a5-f7a3d12e15ab.html |title= 2023 could be a banner year for Virginia wine |newspaper= The Daily Progress |first= Dayna |last= Smith |date= November 11, 2023 |access-date= February 10, 2024}}</ref><ref name=wine>{{cite news |url= https://theroanokestar.com/2023/10/20/virginia-lifts-a-toast-to-its-thriving-wine-industry/ |title= Virginia Lift's A Toast To Its Thriving Wine Industry |newspaper= The Roanoke Star |first= Alyssa |last= Hutton |agency= Capital News Service |date= October 20, 2023 |access-date= February 10, 2024}}</ref> Virginia has the seventh-highest number of wineries in the nation, with 388 producing 1.1&nbsp;million cases a year {{as of|2024|lc=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://winesvinesanalytics.com/statistics/winery/ |title= Statistics |website= Wines Vines Analytics |date= January 2024 |access-date= February 10, 2024}}</ref> [[List of breweries in Virginia|Breweries in Virginia]] also produced 460,315&nbsp;barrels (54,017&nbsp;kl) of craft beer in 2022, the 15th-most nationally.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://vinepair.com/articles/map-states-most-craft-beer-2023/ |title= The States That Produce the Most Craft Beer (2023) |website= VinePair |first= Nicolette |last= Baker |date= June 29, 2023 |access-date= June 29, 2023}}</ref>

===Taxes===
[[File:Virginia property taxes map 2019.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Counties and cities by median [[property tax]] paid in 2019|alt=A map of Virginia colored green to blue based on how much property tax was paid, from $200 to $4,000+.]]
[[State income tax]] is collected from those with incomes above a [[Tax return (United States)|filing threshold]]. There are five income brackets, with rates ranging from 2.0% to 5.75% of taxable income.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.individual.tax.virginia.gov/calculators/income-tax-calculator.cfm|title=Individual Income Tax|publisher=Virginia Department of Taxation|access-date=July 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://files.taxfoundation.org/20180315173118/Tax-Foundation-FF576-1.pdf|title=Fiscal Fact No. 576: State Individual Income Tax Rates and Brackets for 2018|publisher=[[Tax Foundation]]|date=March 2018|first=Morgan|last=Scarboro}}</ref> The [[Sales taxes in the United States|state sales]] and [[use tax]] rate is 4.3%, though there is an additional 1% local tax, for a total of a 5.3% combined [[sales tax]] on most purchases. Three regions then have a higher sales tax: 6% in Northern Virginia and Hampton Roads, and 7% in the [[Historic Triangle]].<ref name=Retail>{{cite web|url=https://www.tax.virginia.gov/retail-sales-and-use-tax|title=Retail Sales and Use Tax|publisher=Virginia Department of Taxation|access-date=July 4, 2020}}</ref> Unlike the majority of states, Virginia does have a 1% sales tax on groceries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/states-that-still-impose-sales-taxes-on-groceries-should-consider|title=States That Still Impose Sales Taxes on Groceries Should Consider Reducing or Eliminating Them|publisher=Center on Budget and Policy Priorities|date=April 1, 2020|first1=Eric|last1=Figueroa|first2=Juliette|last2=Legendre}}</ref> This was lowered from 2.5% in January 2023, when the items covered by this lower rate were also extended to include essential personal hygiene goods.<ref name=Retail/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Montesinos |first1=Patsy |title=Grocery sales tax reduction begins in Virginia |url=https://www.wdbj7.com/2023/01/02/grocery-sales-tax-reduction-begins-virginia/ |access-date=5 January 2023 |work=WDJB7 |agency=Gray Television, Inc. |date=2 January 2023}}</ref>

Virginia's [[Property tax in the United States|property tax]] is set and collected at the local government level and varies throughout the Commonwealth. Real estate is also taxed at the local level.<ref name=ceps>{{cite report|url=https://ceps.coopercenter.org/sites/ceps/files/tr2017book.pdf|first=Stephen C.|last=Kulp|publisher=Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service, University of Virginia/LexisNexis|title=Virginia Local Tax Rates, 2017|edition=36th annual|page=7|date=January 2018}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the overall median real estate tax rate per $100 of assessed taxable value was $0.96, though for 72 of the 95 counties this number was under $0.80 per $100. Northern Virginia has the highest property taxes in the state, with [[Manassas Park, Virginia|Manassas Park]] paying the highest effective tax rate at $1.31 per $100, while [[Powhatan County, Virginia|Powhatan]] and [[Lunenburg County, Virginia|Lunenburg]] counties were tied for the lowest, at $0.30.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.tax.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/inline-files/2021-assessment-sales-ratio-study.pdf |title= The Virginia Assessment/Sales Ratio Study For Tax Year 2021 |date= March 2, 2023 |first= Roderick |last= Compton |website= Virginia Department of Taxation}}</ref> Of local government tax revenue, about 61% is generated from real property taxes while 24% is from tangible personal property, sales and use, and business license tax. The remaining 15% come from [[hotel tax|taxes on hotels]], restaurant meals, public service corporation property, and consumer utilities.<ref name=ceps/>