Editing Vibrato (section)

===String instruments===
{{Main|Finger vibrato}}

[[File:Peter Bissing.png|thumb|right|[[Petrowitsch Bissing]] was an instructor of vibrato method on the violin<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-EqAAAAYAAJ&q=PETROWITCH+BISSING&pg=RA2-PA52|publisher=Jacobs' Band Monthly, Volume 4|page=52|year=1919|access-date=November 16, 2012|title=The Violin|first=Louis|last=Eaton}}</ref> and published a book titled ''Cultivation of the Violin Vibrato Tone''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwhLMgEACAAJ|title=Cultivation of the Violin Vibrato Tone|first=Petrowitsch|last=Bissing|publisher=Central States Music Publishing Company|access-date=November 16, 2012}}</ref>]]
The method of producing vibrato on other instruments varies. On [[string instrument]]s, for example, the finger used to stop the string can be wobbled on the fingerboard, or actually moved up and down the string for a wider vibrato.

Many contemporary string players vary the pitch from below, only up to the nominal note and not above it,<ref>Fischer, Simon: ''Basics'' {{ISBN|978-1-901507-00-3}}, page 221.</ref> although great violin pedagogues of the past such as [[Carl Flesch]] and [[Joseph Joachim]] explicitly referred to vibrato as a movement towards the bridge, meaning upwards in pitch,<ref>Eberhardt, S.: ''Violin Vibrato: Its Mastery and Artistic Uses'', pages 12 and 21. Carl Fischer, Inc.</ref>—and the cellist [[Diran Alexanian]], in his 1922 treatise ''Traité théorique et pratique du Violoncelle'', shows how one should practice vibrato as starting from the note and then moving upwards in a rhythmic motion.<ref>Alexanian, D.: "Traité théorique et pratique du Violoncelle", pages 96 and 97. Dover.</ref> In a 1996 acoustic study by the [[Acoustical Society of America]], along with [[Wellesley College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], found that the perceived pitch of a note with vibrato "is that of its mean", or the middle of the fluctuating pitch.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://academics.wellesley.edu/Physics/brown/pubs/vibPerF100P1728-P1735.pdf | title=Pitch center of stringed instrument vibrato tones | access-date=2023-12-28}}</ref>
[[File:Vibrato on cello.webm|thumb|Vibrato played on a [[cello]].]]
[[File:Stratocaster detail DSC06937.jpg|thumb|A vibrato, sometimes called whammy bar, on an electric guitar allows to lower or raise the strings in order to produce vibrato.]]
Wide vibrato, as wide as a whole-tone, is commonly used among [[electric guitar]] players and adds the signature vocal-like expressiveness to the sound. This effect can be achieved both by the movement of fingers on the fretboard and by the use of a [[Vibrato systems for guitar|vibrato tailpiece]], a lever that adjusts the tension of the strings.

Some violinists, like [[Leonidas Kavakos]], use bow vibrato by moving the right hand up and down slightly to change the angle and pressure of the bow and thus oscillate the pitch and intensity of a note.<ref name=":0" /> The first known description of this technique on violin was by [[Francesco Geminiani]].<ref name=":0">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/i8z23zFvPnU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190928061012/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8z23zFvPnU Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8z23zFvPnU|title=Farulli - Bow vibrato (CLIP).mp4|last=Farulli|first=Antonello|date=Jun 2, 2012|language=en|type=Video}}{{cbignore}}</ref> This technique was not limited to violin but was known to players of all string instruments in Italy, France, Germany, and England during the Baroque era.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yEUTTyqgJkC&q=bow+vibrato&pg=PA45-IA10|title=Ornamentation in Baroque and Post-baroque Music: With Special Emphasis on J.S. Bach|last=Neumann|first=Frederick|date=1983|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691027072|pages=45|language=en}}</ref> [[Silvestro Ganassi dal Fontego|Sylvestro Ganassi dal Fontego]] is known to have described this technique for the [[viol da gamba]] as early as the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiz2YtnCcWUC&q=ganassi+bow+vibrato&pg=PA476|title=The Monteverdi Vespers of 1610 : Music, Context, Performance: Music, Context, Performance|last=Kurtzman|first=Jeffrey|author-link=Jeffrey Kurtzman|date=2000-01-06|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=9780191590719|pages=476|language=en}}</ref>