Editing Valproate (section)

==Society and culture==

Valproate is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2015/>

===Approval status===
{{update section|date=February 2024}}
{| class = wikitable
|-
! Indications
! {{flagicon|USA}}<br />[[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]-labelled indication?<ref name = MSR/>
! {{flagicon|AUS}}<br />[[Therapeutic Goods Administration|TGA]]-labelled indication?<ref name = AMH>{{cite book | title = Australian Medicines Handbook | year = 2013 | publisher = The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust | isbn = 978-0-9805790-9-3 | edition = 2013 | place = Adelaide | editor = Rossi, S }}</ref>
! scope="col" |{{flagicon|GBR}}<br />[[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency|MHRA]]-labelled indication?<ref name = BNF>{{cite book | author = Joint Formulary Committee | title = British National Formulary (BNF) | isbn = 978-0-85711-084-8 | edition = 65 | location = London, UK | publisher = Pharmaceutical Press | year = 2013 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/bnf65britishnati0000unse }}</ref>
! Literature support
|-
| Epilepsy || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Limited (depends on the seizure type; it can help with certain kinds of seizures: drug-resistant epilepsy, partial and absence seizures, can be used against [[glioblastoma]] and other tumors both to improve survival and treat seizures, and against [[tonic–clonic seizures]] and status epilepticus).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rimmer EM, Richens A | title = An update on sodium valproate | journal = Pharmacotherapy | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 171–184 | date = May–June 1985 | pmid = 3927267 | doi = 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1985.tb03413.x | s2cid = 7700266 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, Hirtz DG, Dlugos D, Masur D, Clark PO, Capparelli EV, Adamson PC | title = Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 362 | issue = 9 | pages = 790–799 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20200383 | pmc = 2924476 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa0902014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.neurology.org/content/84/14_Supplement/P1.238|title=Co-Administration of Valproic Acid and Lamotrigine in the Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy (P1.238)|vauthors=Jiang M|date=6 April 2015|journal=Neurology|volume=84|issue=14 Supplement|pages=P1.238|doi=10.1212/WNL.84.14_supplement.P1.238|s2cid=74543829|via=www.neurology.org|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827175359/https://n.neurology.org/content/84/14_Supplement/P1.238|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Berendsen S, Kroonen J, Seute T, Snijders T, Broekman ML, Spliet WG, Artesi M, Bours V, Robe PA  |title= O9.06 * Prognostic Relevance and Oncogenic Correlates of Epilepsy in Glioblastoma Patients |date=1 September 2014|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=16|issue=suppl_2|pages=ii21|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nou174.77|pmc=4185847}}</ref>
|-
| Bipolar mania || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Limited.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vasudev K, Mead A, Macritchie K, Young AH | title = Valproate in acute mania: is our practice evidence based? | journal = International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–52 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22455007 | doi = 10.1108/09526861211192395 }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023|reason=Cited source contains "Design/methodology/approach: Case notes from 43 (42 percent male) patients" which does not support the claim that there is limited literature support.}}
|-
| Bipolar depression || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Moderate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bond DJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN | title = Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 228–234 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20044142 | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.008 }}</ref>
|-
| Bipolar maintenance || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Limited.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haddad PM, Das A, Ashfaq M, Wieck A | title = A review of valproate in psychiatric practice | journal = Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = 539–551 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19409030 | doi = 10.1517/17425250902911455 | s2cid = 74028228 }}</ref>
|-
| Migraine prophylaxis || {{yes}} || {{Yes}} (accepted) || {{no}} || Limited.
|-
| Acute migraine management || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Only negative results.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frazee LA, Foraker KC | title = Use of intravenous valproic acid for acute migraine | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 403–407 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18303140 | doi = 10.1345/aph.1K531 | s2cid = 207263036 }}</ref>
|-
| Schizophrenia || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Weak evidence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Y, Xia J, Helfer B, Li C, Leucht S | title = Valproate for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 11 | pages = CD004028 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27884042 | pmc = 6734130 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004028.pub4 }}</ref>

|-
| Agitation in dementia || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Weak evidence. Not recommended for agitation in people with dementia.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baillon SF, Narayana U, Luxenberg JS, Clifton AV | title = Valproate preparations for agitation in dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | issue = 10 | pages = CD003945 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 30293233 | pmc = 6516950 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003945.pub4 }}</ref> Increased rate of adverse effects, including a risk of serious adverse effects.<ref name=":2" />
|-
| [[Fragile X syndrome]] || {{yes}} (orphan) || {{no}} || {{no}} || Limited.<ref name="Therapeutic potential of mood stabi"/>
|-
| [[Familial adenomatous polyposis]] || {{yes}} (orphan) || {{no}} || {{no}} || Limited.
|-
| Chronic pain & fibromyalgia || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Limited.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gill D, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA | title = Valproic acid and sodium valproate for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2011 | issue = 10 | pages = CD009183 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21975791 | pmc = 6540387 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009183.pub2 }}</ref>
|-
| Alcohol hallucinosis || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || One randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aliyev ZN, Aliyev NA | title = Valproate treatment of acute alcohol hallucinosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study | journal = Alcohol and Alcoholism | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 456–459 | date = July–August 2008 | pmid = 18495806 | doi = 10.1093/alcalc/agn043 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|-
| Intractable hiccups || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Limited, five case reports support its efficacy, however.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacobson PL, Messenheimer JA, Farmer TW | title = Treatment of intractable hiccups with valproic acid | journal = Neurology | volume = 31 | issue = 11 | pages = 1458–1460 | date = November 1981 | pmid = 6796902 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.31.11.1458 | s2cid = 1578958 }}</ref>
|-
| Non-epileptic myoclonus || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Limited, three case reports support its efficacy, however.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sotaniemi K | title = Valproic acid in the treatment of nonepileptic myoclonus | journal = Archives of Neurology | volume = 39 | issue = 7 | pages = 448–449 | date = July 1982 | pmid = 6808975 | doi = 10.1001/archneur.1982.00510190066025 }}</ref>
|-
| Cluster headaches || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Limited, two case reports support its efficacy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wheeler SD | title = Significance of migrainous features in cluster headache: divalproex responsiveness | journal = Headache | volume = 38 | issue = 7 | pages = 547–551 | date = July–August 1998 | pmid = 15613172 | doi = 10.1046/j.1526-4610.1998.3807547.x | s2cid = 27948702 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|-
| [[West syndrome]] || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || A prospective clinical trial supported its efficacy in treating infantile spasms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Siemes H, Spohr HL, Michael T, Nau H | title = Therapy of infantile spasms with valproate: results of a prospective study | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 553–560 | date = September–October 1988 | pmid = 2842127 | doi = 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1988.tb03760.x | s2cid = 23789333 }}</ref>
|-
| HIV infection eradication || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Double-blind placebo-controlled trials have been negative.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith SM | title = Valproic acid and HIV-1 latency: beyond the sound bite | journal = Retrovirology | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 56 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16168066 | pmc = 1242254 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4690-2-56 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Routy JP, Tremblay CL, Angel JB, Trottier B, Rouleau D, Baril JG, Harris M, Trottier S, Singer J, Chomont N, Sékaly RP, Boulassel MR | title = Valproic acid in association with highly active antiretroviral therapy for reducing systemic HIV-1 reservoirs: results from a multicentre randomized clinical study | journal = HIV Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 291–296 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22276680 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2011.00975.x | s2cid = 27571864 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Archin NM, Cheema M, Parker D, Wiegand A, Bosch RJ, Coffin JM, Eron J, Cohen M, Margolis DM | title = Antiretroviral intensification and valproic acid lack sustained effect on residual HIV-1 viremia or resting CD4+ cell infection | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = e9390 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20186346 | pmc = 2826423 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0009390 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2010PLoSO...5.9390A }}</ref>
|-
| [[Myelodysplastic syndrome]] || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Several clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy as a monotherapy,<ref name = m2001>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hardy JR, Rees EA, Gwilliam B, Ling J, Broadley K, A'Hern R | title = A phase II study to establish the efficacy and toxicity of sodium valproate in patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain | journal = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 204–209 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11239739 | doi = 10.1016/S0885-3924(00)00266-9 | doi-access = free }}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> as an adjunct to [[tretinoin]]<ref name = m2001/> and as an adjunct to hydralazine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Candelaria M, Herrera A, Labardini J, González-Fierro A, Trejo-Becerril C, Taja-Chayeb L, Pérez-Cárdenas E, de la Cruz-Hernández E, Arias-Bofill D, Vidal S, Cervera E, Dueñas-Gonzalez A | title = Hydralazine and magnesium valproate as epigenetic treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome. Preliminary results of a phase-II trial | journal = Annals of Hematology | volume = 90 | issue = 4 | pages = 379–387 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 20922525 | doi = 10.1007/s00277-010-1090-2 | s2cid = 13437134 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Acute myeloid leukaemia]] || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Two clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in this indication as both a monotherapy and as an adjunct to [[tretinoin]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bug G, Ritter M, Wassmann B, Schoch C, Heinzel T, Schwarz K, Romanski A, Kramer OH, Kampfmann M, Hoelzer D, Neubauer A, Ruthardt M, Ottmann OG | title = Clinical trial of valproic acid and all-trans retinoic acid in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia | journal = Cancer | volume = 104 | issue = 12 | pages = 2717–2725 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16294345 | doi = 10.1002/cncr.21589 | s2cid = 1802132 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuendgen A, Schmid M, Schlenk R, Knipp S, Hildebrandt B, Steidl C, Germing U, Haas R, Dohner H, Gattermann N | title = The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid as monotherapy or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid in patients with acute myeloid leukemia | journal = Cancer | volume = 106 | issue = 1 | pages = 112–119 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16323176 | doi = 10.1002/cncr.21552 | s2cid = 43747497 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fredly H, Gjertsen BT, Bruserud O | title = Histone deacetylase inhibition in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: the effects of valproic acid on leukemic cells, and the clinical and experimental evidence for combining valproic acid with other antileukemic agents | journal = Clinical Epigenetics | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 12 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23898968 | pmc = 3733883 | doi = 10.1186/1868-7083-5-12 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|-
| [[Cervical cancer]] || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || One clinical trial supports its use here.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coronel J, Cetina L, Pacheco I, Trejo-Becerril C, González-Fierro A, de la Cruz-Hernandez E, Perez-Cardenas E, Taja-Chayeb L, Arias-Bofill D, Candelaria M, Vidal S, Dueñas-González A | title = A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase III trial of chemotherapy plus epigenetic therapy with hydralazine valproate for advanced cervical cancer. Preliminary results | journal = Medical Oncology | volume = 28 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S540–S546 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 20931299 | doi = 10.1007/s12032-010-9700-3 | s2cid = 207372333 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Malignant melanoma]] || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || One phase II study has seemed to discount its efficacy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rocca A, Minucci S, Tosti G, Croci D, Contegno F, Ballarini M, Nolè F, Munzone E, Salmaggi A, Goldhirsch A, Pelicci PG, Testori A | title = A phase I-II study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid plus chemoimmunotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 100 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–36 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19127265 | pmc = 2634690 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604817 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Breast cancer]] || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || A phase II study has supported its efficacy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Munster P, Marchion D, Bicaku E, Lacevic M, Kim J, Centeno B, Daud A, Neuger A, Minton S, Sullivan D | title = Clinical and biological effects of valproic acid as a histone deacetylase inhibitor on tumor and surrogate tissues: phase I/II trial of valproic acid and epirubicin/FEC | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 2488–2496 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19318486 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1930 | s2cid = 3230087 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Impulse control disorder]] || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Limited.<ref name=Hicks>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hicks CW, Pandya MM, Itin I, Fernandez HH | title = Valproate for the treatment of medication-induced impulse-control disorders in three patients with Parkinson's disease | journal = Parkinsonism & Related Disorders | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 379–381 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21459656 | doi = 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.03.003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sriram A, Ward HE, Hassan A, Iyer S, Foote KD, Rodriguez RL, McFarland NR, Okun MS | title = Valproate as a treatment for dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) in Parkinson's disease | journal = Journal of Neurology | volume = 260 | issue = 2 | pages = 521–527 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23007193 | doi = 10.1007/s00415-012-6669-1 | s2cid = 21544457 }}</ref>
|}

===Off-label uses===
In 2012, pharmaceutical company [[Abbott Laboratories|Abbott]] paid $1.6 billion in fines to US federal and state governments for illegal promotion of off-label uses for Depakote, including the sedation of elderly nursing home residents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/abbott-laboratories-agrees-to-16-billion-settlement-over-marketing-of-depakote/2012/05/07/gIQAh5098T_story.html|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=27 June 2018|title=Abbott Laboratories to pay $1.6 billion over illegal marketing of Depakote|date=7 May 2012|vauthors=Aizenman NC|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628100610/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/abbott-laboratories-agrees-to-16-billion-settlement-over-marketing-of-depakote/2012/05/07/gIQAh5098T_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/business/abbott-to-pay-1-6-billion-over-illegal-marketing.html|website=New York Times|access-date=27 June 2018|date=8 May 2012|title=Abbott settles marketing lawsuit|vauthors=Schmidt M, Thomas K|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628075612/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/business/abbott-to-pay-1-6-billion-over-illegal-marketing.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some studies have suggested that valproate may reopen the [[critical period]] for learning [[absolute pitch]] and possibly other skills such as language.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gervain J, Vines BW, Chen LM, Seo RJ, Hensch TK, Werker JF, Young AH | title = Valproate reopens critical-period learning of absolute pitch | journal = Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience | volume = 7 | pages = 102 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24348349 | pmc = 3848041 | doi = 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00102 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Thomson H |title=Learning drugs reawaken grown-up brain's inner child |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24831-learning-drugs-reawaken-grown-up-brains-inner-child/ |website=New Scientist |publisher=New Scientist Ltd. |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508154258/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24831-learning-drugs-reawaken-grown-up-brains-inner-child/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Formulations===
{{Infobox drug
| drug_name = Sodium valproate
| verifiedrevid = 464404696
| image = Sodium-valproate-2D-skeletal.png
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| width = 250
| alt =
| image2 = Valproato Sódico.png
| alt2 =
| USAN = valproate sodium
<!-- Clinical data -->
| tradename =
| DailyMedID = Valproate sodium
<!-- Identifiers -->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 1069-66-5
| PubChem = 16760703
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DBSALT001257
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 13428
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 5VOM6GYJ0D
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00710
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 9925
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 433

| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=Valproate sodium injection | website=DailyMed | date=1 January 2021 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bcf57b31-4811-4104-82b3-46fb91a53ee0 | access-date=7 October 2022 | archive-date=8 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008050729/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bcf57b31-4811-4104-82b3-46fb91a53ee0 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Valproate sodium injection, solution | website=DailyMed | date=29 April 2021 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c572ece7-03d3-4c2a-aeb5-61f2023b28ea | access-date=7 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009184059/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c572ece7-03d3-4c2a-aeb5-61f2023b28ea | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Depakote FDA label" /><ref name="Depakote ER FDA label" />

<!-- Chemical and physical data -->
| IUPAC_name = sodium 2-propylpentanoate
| C=8 | H=15 | Na=1 | O=2
| SMILES = CCCC(CCC)C(=O)[O-].[Na+]
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C8H16O2.Na/c1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10;/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10);/q;+1/p-1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = AEQFSUDEHCCHBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M
}}
{{Infobox drug
| drug_name = Valproate semisodium
| imageL = Sodium valproate.svg
| image_classL = skin-invert-image
| widthL = 250
| altL =
| imageR = 2-propylpentanoic acid 200.svg
| image_classR = skin-invert-image
| widthR = 250
| altR =
| captionLR =
| USAN = divalproex sodium
<!-- Clinical data -->
| tradename = Depakote, others
| DailyMedID = Divalproex sodium

| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment = <ref name="Depakote FDA label" /><ref name="Depakote ER FDA label" />

<!-- Identifiers -->
| CAS_number = 76584-70-8
| PubChem = 23663956
| DrugBank = DBSALT000185
| ChemSpiderID = 48337
| UNII = 644VL95AO6
| KEGG = D00304
| ChEBI = 4667
| ChEMBL = 2105613
| synonyms = semisodium valproate
<!-- Chemical and physical data -->
| IUPAC_name = sodium 2-propylpentanoate;2-propylpentanoic acid
| C=16 | H=31 | Na=1 | O=4
| SMILES = CCCC(CCC)C(=O)O.CCCC(CCC)C(=O)[O-].[Na+]
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/2C8H16O2.Na/c2*1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10;/h2*7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10);/q;;+1/p-1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = MSRILKIQRXUYCT-UHFFFAOYSA-M
}}

[[File:Magnesium Valproate China.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Magnesium]] valproate [[extended release]] and common release tablets manufactured in China]]

Valproate exists in two main molecular variants: ''sodium valproate'' and ''valproic acid without sodium'' (often implied by simply ''valproate''). A mixture between these two is termed ''semisodium valproate''. It is unclear whether there is any difference in efficacy between these variants, except from the fact that about 10% more mass of ''sodium valproate'' is needed than ''valproic acid without sodium'' to compensate for the sodium itself.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines |edition=Tenth |vauthors=Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S |publisher=CRC Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-09283-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbvLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |page=124 |access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114092530/https://books.google.com/books?id=pbvLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |url-status=live }}</ref> In USA, Europe and many countrie the three variantes of vaproate are sold: vaproic acid, sodium valproate and valproate semisodium also known as divalproex sodium, the latter is believed to have fewer gastrointestinal side-effects.<ref name = "Fisher_2003" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang CQ, Li HY, Wan Y, Bai XY, Gan L, Wang J, Sun HB | title = Efficacy, Safety, and Retention Rate of Extended-Release Divalproex Versus Conventional Delayed-Release Divalproex: A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials | language = English | journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume = 13 | pages = 811017 | date = 2022-04-05 | pmid = 35479307 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2022.811017 | doi-access = free | pmc = 9037144 }}</ref> '''Divalproex sodium tablets are''' '''a formulation''' comprising valproate sodium and valproic acid in a 1:1 molar relationship.

'''Magnesium valproate''' is also available in [[China]].<ref name=dxy1>{{Cite web|title=丙戊酸镁片（湖南湘中）|url=https://drugs.dxy.cn/pc/drug/DkKGkIFX1S864petr70Ykg==|work=丁香园·用药助手|access-date=2025-03-23}}</ref><ref name=dxy2>{{Cite web|title=丙戊酸镁缓释片（神泰）|url=https://drugs.dxy.cn/pc/drug/5R1pjNO2rmYyYvMYYmjGuA==|work=丁香园·用药助手|access-date=2025-03-23}}</ref>

===Terminology===
Valproate is a negative ion. The [[conjugate base|conjugate acid]] of valproate is valproic acid (VPA). Valproic acid is fully ionized into valproate at the physiologic pH of the human body, and valproate is the active form of the drug. Sodium valproate is the sodium [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] of valproic acid. Divalproex sodium is a [[coordination complex]] composed of equal parts of valproic acid and sodium valproate.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/ms-10447-z.htm|title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|veditors=Brayfield A|location=London|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827175406/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/themes/mc-marketing/assets/images/favicons-tiles/favicon.ico|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Brand names of valproic acid====
<!-- Please do not add sodium valproate-based products to this list. That drug has its own list below -->
Branded products include:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Absenor ([[Orion Corporation (pharmaceutical company)|Orion Corporation]] Finland)
* Convulex ([[G.L. Pharma GmbH]] Austria)
* Depakene ([[Abbott Laboratories]] in US and Canada)<ref name="Depakene FDA label">{{cite web | title=Depakene- valproic acid capsule, liquid filled | website=DailyMed | date=19 September 2019 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a0288919-75bf-4752-975f-40579572c0f7 | access-date=14 April 2020 | archive-date=11 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711130306/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a0288919-75bf-4752-975f-40579572c0f7 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Depakin ([[Sanofi|Sanofi S.R.L.]] Italy)<ref name="Depakin AIFA">{{Cite web |url=https://farmaci.agenziafarmaco.gov.it/bancadatifarmaci/farmaco?farmaco=022483 |title=Depakin - Banca Dati Farmaci dell'AIFA |date=6 June 2023 |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=farmaci.agenziafarmaco.gov.it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606001333/https://farmaci.agenziafarmaco.gov.it/bancadatifarmaci/farmaco?farmaco=022483 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Italian Medicines Agency]] |language=it |trans-title=Depakin - The AIFA Medicines Database}}</ref>
* Depakine ([[Sanofi Aventis]] France)
* Depakine ([[Sanofi Synthelabo]] Romania)
* Depalept ([[Sanofi Aventis]] Israel)
* Deprakine ([[Sanofi Aventis]] Finland)
* Encorate ([[Sun Pharmaceuticals]] India)
* Epilim ([[Sanofi Synthelabo]] Australia and South Africa)
* Stavzor ([[Noven Pharmaceuticals|Noven Pharmaceuticals Inc.]])
* Valcote ([[Abbott Laboratories]] Argentina)
* Valpakine ([[Sanofi Aventis]] Brazil)
* Orfiril (Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH Norway)
{{div col end}}

====Brand names of sodium valproate====

=====Portugal=====
* Tablets{{snd}} Diplexil-R by [[Bial]].

=====United States=====
* Intravenous injection{{snd}} Depacon by Abbott Laboratories.
* Syrup{{snd}} Depakene by Abbott Laboratories. (Note: Depakene ''capsules'' are valproic acid).
* Depakote tablets are a mixture of sodium valproate and valproic acid.
* Tablets{{snd}} Eliaxim by Bial.

=====Australia=====
* Epilim Crushable Tablets Sanofi<ref name="Epilim TGA PI">{{cite web | title=Australian product information epilim (sodium valproate) crushable tablets, enteric-coated tablets, syrup, liquid | website=TGA eBS | date=15 April 2020 | url=http://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05620-3 | format=PDF | access-date=15 April 2020 | archive-date=15 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315112531/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05620-3 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Epilim Sugar Free Liquid Sanofi<ref name="Epilim TGA PI" />
* Epilim Syrup Sanofi<ref name="Epilim TGA PI" />
* Epilim Tablets Sanofi<ref name="Epilim TGA PI" />
* Sodium Valproate Sandoz Tablets Sanofi
* Valpro Tablets Alphapharm
* Valproate Winthrop Tablets Sanofi
* Valprease tablets Sigma

=====New Zealand=====
* Epilim by Sanofi-Aventis

All the above formulations are [[Pharmaceutical Management Agency|Pharmac]]-subsidised.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pharmac.govt.nz/Schedule?osq=Sodium%20valproate |title= Sodium valproate -- Pharmaceutical Schedule |publisher= Pharmaceutical Management Agency |access-date= 22 June 2014 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081454/http://www.pharmac.govt.nz/Schedule?osq=Sodium%20valproate |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>

=====UK=====
* Depakote Tablets (as in USA)
* Tablets{{snd}} Orlept by Wockhardt and Epilim by Sanofi
* Oral solution{{snd}} Orlept Sugar Free by Wockhardt and Epilim by Sanofi
* Syrup{{snd}} Epilim by Sanofi-Aventis
* Intravenous injection{{snd}} Epilim Intravenous by Sanofi
* Extended release tablets{{snd}} Epilim Chrono by Sanofi is a combination of sodium valproate and valproic acid in a 2.3:1 ratio.
* Enteric-coated tablets{{snd}} Epilim EC200 by Sanofi is a 200&nbsp;mg sodium valproate [[Enteric coating|enteric-coated]] tablet.

======UK only======
* Capsules{{snd}} Episenta prolonged release by Beacon
* Sachets{{snd}} Episenta prolonged release by Beacon
* Intravenous solution for injection{{snd}} Episenta solution for injection by Beacon

=====Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, Sweden=====
* Tablets{{snd}} Orfiril by Desitin Pharmaceuticals
* Intravenous injection{{snd}} Orfiril IV by Desitin Pharmaceuticals

=====South Africa=====
* Syrup{{snd}} Convulex by Byk Madaus<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://home.intekom.com/pharm/byk/convulex.html |title=South African Electronic Package Inserts: Convulex |access-date=2 January 2006 |archive-date=12 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052527/http://home.intekom.com/pharm/byk/convulex.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Tablets{{snd}} Epilim by Sanofi-synthelabo

=====Malaysia=====
* Tablets{{snd}} Epilim (''200 ENTERIC COATED'') by Sanofi-Aventis
* Controlled release tablets{{snd}} Epilim Chrono (''500 CONTROLLED RELEASE'') by Sanofi-Aventis<ref name="Sanofi in Malaysia Products - Epilim & Epilim Chrono">{{cite web |title=Malaysian Package Inserts: Epilim |url=https://www.sanofi.com.my/en/products/epilim |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605142828/https://www.sanofi.com.my/en/products/epilim |url-status=live }}</ref>

=====Romania=====
* Companies are SANOFI-AVENTIS FRANCE, GEROT PHARMAZEUTIKA GMBH and DESITIN ARZNEIMITTEL GMBH
* Types are Syrup, Extended release mini tablets, Gastric resistant coated tablets, Gastric resistant soft capsules, Extended release capsules, Extended release tablets and Extended release coated tablets

=====Canada=====
* Intravenous injection{{snd}} Epival or Epiject by [[Abbott Laboratories]].
* Syrup{{snd}} Depakene by [[Abbott Laboratories]] its generic formulations include [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082043/http://www.apotex.ca/Products/EN/Detail.asp?MaterialNumber=000000000000042290 Apo-Valproic] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080115210712/http://www.ratiopharm.ca/e/Products/productSearch.asp?Cap=V ratio-Valproic].

=====Japan=====
* Tablets{{snd}} Depakene by [[Kyowa Hakko Kirin]]
* Extended release tablets{{snd}} Depakene-R by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo and Selenica-R by [[Kowa Co.|Kowa]]
* Syrup{{snd}} Depakene by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo

=====Europe=====
In much of Europe, Dépakine and Depakine Chrono (tablets) are equivalent to Epilim and Epilim Chrono above.

=====Taiwan=====
* Tablets (white round tablet){{snd}} Depakine ({{lang-zh|c=帝拔癲|p=di-ba-dian}}) by [[Sanofi-Aventis|Sanofi Winthrop Industrie]] (France)

=====Iran=====
* Tablets{{snd}} Epival 200 (enteric coated tablet) and Epival 500 (extended release tablet) by Iran Najo
* Slow release tablets{{snd}} Depakine Chrono by [[Sanofi-Aventis|Sanofi Winthrop Industrie]] (France)

=====Israel=====
Depalept and Depalept Chrono (extended release tablets) are equivalent to Epilim and Epilim Chrono above. Manufactured and distributed by [[Sanofi-Aventis]].

===== India, Russia and [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries =====
* Valparin Chrono by Sanofi India
* Valprol CR by Intas Pharmaceutical (India)
* Encorate Chrono by Sun Pharmaceutical (India)
* Serven Chrono by Leeven APL Biotech (India)

=====Uruguay=====
* Tablets{{snd}} DI DPA by Megalabs

====Brand names of valproate semisodium====
* Brazil{{snd}} Depakote by [[Abbott Laboratories]] and Torval CR by Torrent do Brasil
* Canada{{snd}} Epival by Abbott Laboratories
* Mexico{{snd}} Epival and Epival ER (extended release) by Abbott Laboratories
* United Kingdom{{snd}} Depakote (for psychiatric conditions) and Epilim (for epilepsy) by [[Sanofi-Aventis]] and generics
* United States{{snd}} Depakote and Depakote ER (extended release) by Abbott Laboratories and generics<ref name="Depakote FDA label" />
* India{{snd}} Valance and Valance OD by Abbott Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Divalid ER by Linux laboratories Pvt Ltd, Valex ER by Sigmund Promedica, Dicorate by Sun Pharma
* Germany{{snd}} Ergenyl Chrono by Sanofi-Aventis and generics
* Chile{{snd}} Valcote and Valcote ER by Abbott Laboratories
* France and other European countries{{snd}} Depakote
* Peru{{snd}} Divalprax by AC Farma Laboratories
* China{{snd}} Diprate OD