Editing Tyrannosaurus (section)

===Posture===
[[File:T. rex old posture.jpg|thumb|Outdated reconstruction (by [[Charles R. Knight]]), showing upright pose]]
Like many [[bipedal]] dinosaurs, ''T. rex'' was historically depicted as a 'living tripod', with the body at 45 degrees or less from the vertical and the tail dragging along the ground, similar to a [[kangaroo]]. This concept dates from [[Joseph Leidy]]'s 1865 reconstruction of ''[[Hadrosaurus]]'', the first to depict a dinosaur in a bipedal posture.<ref name="leidy1865">{{Cite journal |last=Leidy |first=J. |year=1865 |title=Memoir on the extinct reptiles of the Cretaceous formations of the United States |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge |volume=14 |pages=1–135}}</ref> In 1915, convinced that the creature stood upright, [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]], former president of the American Museum of Natural History, further reinforced the notion in unveiling the first complete ''T. rex'' skeleton arranged this way. It stood in an upright pose for 77 years, until it was dismantled in 1992.<ref name="amnhsite">{{Cite web |url=http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/expeditions/treasure_fossil/Treasures/Tyrannosaurus/tyrannos.html?dinos |title=''Tyrannosaurus'' |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208143829/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/expeditions/treasure_fossil/Treasures/Tyrannosaurus/tyrannos.html?dinos |archive-date=December 8, 2008 |access-date=October 16, 2008}}</ref>

By 1970, scientists realized this pose was incorrect and could not have been maintained by a living animal, as it would have resulted in the [[Dislocation (medicine)|dislocation]] or weakening of several [[joint]]s, including the hips and the articulation between the head and the [[spinal column]].<ref name="newman1970">{{Cite journal |last=Newman |first=B. H. |year=1970 |title=Stance and gait in the flesh-eating ''Tyrannosaurus'' |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=119–123 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1970.tb01707.x |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3674749 |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804080335/https://zenodo.org/record/3674749 |url-status=live }}</ref> The inaccurate AMNH mount inspired similar depictions in many films and paintings (such as [[Rudolph F. Zallinger|Rudolph Zallinger]]'s famous mural ''[[The Age of Reptiles]]'' in [[Yale University]]'s [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/age-reptiles-mural |title=The Age of Reptiles Mural |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University |access-date=October 16, 2008 |archive-date=September 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929053007/http://peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/age-reptiles-mural  }}</ref> until the 1990s, when films such as ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' introduced a more accurate posture to the general public.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=R. M. |last2=Duggan-Haas |first2=D. |last3=Allmon |first3=W. D. |s2cid=162343784 |year=2013 |title=The Posture of ''Tyrannosaurus rex'': Why Do Student Views Lag Behind the Science? |journal=Journal of Geoscience Education |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=145–160 |bibcode=2013JGeEd..61..145R |doi=10.5408/11-259.1}}</ref> Modern representations in museums, art, and film show ''T. rex'' with its body approximately parallel to the ground with the tail extended behind the body to balance the head.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aaas.org/tyrannosaurus-rex-not-tripod-anymore |title=''Tyrannosaurus Rex'': Not a tripod anymore |website=American Association for the Advancement of Science |date=April 2, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2018 |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206053308/https://www.aaas.org/tyrannosaurus-rex-not-tripod-anymore |url-status=live }}</ref>

To sit down, ''Tyrannosaurus'' may have settled its weight backwards and rested its weight on a pubic boot, the wide expansion at the end of the pubis in some dinosaurs. With its weight rested on the pelvis, it may have been free to move the hindlimbs. Getting back up again might have involved some stabilization from the diminutive forelimbs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stevens|first=Kent A.|date=2011|title=Tyrannosaurus rex – "Rex, sit"|url=http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~kent/paleontology/Tyrannosaurus/index.html|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=ix.cs.uoregon.edu}}</ref><ref name="newman1970"/> The latter known as Newman's pushup theory has been debated. Nonetheless, ''Tyrannosaurus'' was probably able to get up if it fell, which only would have required placing the limbs below the center of gravity, with the tail as an effective counterbalance. Healed stress fractures in the forelimbs have been put forward both as evidence that the arms cannot have been very useful<ref>{{Cite web|title=If T. rex fell, how did it get up, given its tiny arms and low center of gravity?|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/if-t-rex-fell-how-did-it/|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=Scientific American|language=en|archive-date=July 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726053130/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/if-t-rex-fell-how-did-it/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Padian (2022)" /> and as evidence that they were indeed used and acquired wounds,<ref name="Stevens et.al.2008">Stevens K.A., Larson P, Willis E.D. & Anderson A. "Rex, sit: digital modeling of ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' at rest". In Larson P & Carpenter K (eds.). ''Tyrannosaurus rex, the tyrant king'' (Indiana University Press, 2008). p. 192-203</ref> like the rest of the body.