Editing Trajan (section)

=== Diaspora revolt ===
{{main|Diaspora revolt}}

[[File:Ostia Museum 2013-03-08, Traianus.jpg|thumb|Statue of Trajan, [[Carrara marble|Luna marble and Proconessian marble]], 2nd century AD, from [[Ostia Antica]]]]

About this same time (AD 116–117), Jews in the Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire—Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrene, which was likely the original trouble hotspot—rebelled in what appears to have been an ethnic and religious uprising against the local populations, later known as the [[Diaspora revolt|Diaspora Revolt]].<ref>James J. Bloom, ''The Jewish Revolts Against Rome, A.D. 66–135: A Military Analysis''. McFarland, 2010, p. 191.</ref> Additionally, Jewish communities in Northern Mesopotamia revolted, likely as part of a broader resistance against Roman occupation.<ref>Bloom, 194.</ref> Trajan had to withdraw his army to suppress these revolts, a move he considered a temporary setback. He never returned to command, delegating Eastern operations to Lusius Quietus, who was appointed governor of Judaea in early 117 and likely dealt with Jewish unrest there.<ref>A precise description of events in Judea at the time being impossible, due to the non-historical character of the Jewish (rabbinic) sources, and the silence of the non-Jewish ones: William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz, eds., ''The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman–Rabbinic Period''. Cambridge U. Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-521-77248-8}}, p. 100.</ref> Quietus discharged his commissions successfully, leading rabbinic sources to name the conflict in Judaea the "[[Kitos War]]," with ''Kitus'' being a corruption of ''Quietus''.<ref>Bloom, 190.</ref> Whether or not the Diaspora revolt included Judea proper, or only the Jewish Eastern diaspora, remains doubtful in the absence of clear epigraphic and archaeological evidence. What is certain is that there was an increased Roman military presence in Judea at the time.<ref>Christer Bruun, "the Spurious 'Expeditio Ivdaeae' under Trajan".  ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' 93 (1992) 99–106.</ref>

Quietus was promised a consulate<ref>He was already consul ''in absentia'': Tanja Gawlich, ''Der Aufstand der jüdischen Diaspora unter Traian''. GRIN Verlag, 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-640-32753-9}}, p. 11.</ref> in the following year (118) for his victories, but he was killed before this could occur, during the bloody purge that opened Hadrian's reign, in which Quietus and three other former consuls were sentenced to death after being tried on a vague charge of conspiracy by the (secret) court of the Praetorian Prefect [[Publius Acilius Attianus|Attianus]].<ref>Margret Fell, ed., ''Erziehung, Bildung, Recht''. Berlim: Dunker & Hunblot, 1994, {{ISBN|3-428-08069-6}}, p. 448.</ref> It has been thought that Quietus and his colleagues were executed on Hadrian's direct orders, for fear of their popular standing with the army and their close connections to Trajan.{{sfn|Bennett|2001|p=203}}<ref>Histoire des Juifs, Troisième période, I – Chapitre III – Soulèvement des Judéens sous Trajan et Adrien.</ref> In contrast, the next prominent Roman figure in charge of the repression of the Jewish revolt, the equestrian Quintus [[Marcius Turbo]], who had dealt with the rebel leader from Cyrene, Loukuas, retained Hadrian's trust, eventually becoming his [[Praetorian Prefect]].<ref>Bloom, 195/196.</ref> As all four consulars were senators of the highest standing and as such generally regarded as able to take imperial power (''capaces imperii''), Hadrian seems to have decided to forestall these prospective rivals.<ref>Gabriele Marasco, ed., ''Political Autobiographies and Memoirs in Antiquity: A Brill Companion''. Leiden: Brill, 2011, {{ISBN|978-90-04-18299-8}}, p. 377.</ref>