Editing Toyotomi Hideyoshi (section)

== Taikō (1592–1598) ==
[[File:Hokoji(rushanabutsu).jpg|thumb|Replica of [[:jp:京の大仏|Great Buddha of Kyoto]]. The Great Buddha of Kyoto was built by Hideyoshi to show off his power.]]

The future stability of the [[Toyotomi clan|Toyotomi dynasty]] after Hideyoshi's eventual death was put in doubt when his only son, three-year-old Tsurumatsu, died in September 1591, which followed his half-brother [[Toyotomi Hidenaga|Hidenaga]]'s death from illness earlier that year in February. Hideyoshi subsequently named his nephew [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu|Hidetsugu]] his heir, adopting him in January 1592. Hideyoshi resigned as ''kampaku'' to take the title of ''taikō'' (retired regent), and Hidetsugu succeeded him as ''kampaku''.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Hideyoshi Toyotomi's armor.jpg|thumb|Replica of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's armor]]

Hideyoshi adopted [[Oda Nobunaga]]'s dream of a Japanese conquest of [[China]], and launched the conquest of the [[Ming dynasty]] [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|by way of Korea]] (at the time known as Koryu or [[Joseon]]).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA208 Berry 1982, p. 208]</ref>

In 1592, Hideyoshi began an invasion of Korea with the intent of conquering Korea and eventually Ming China.<ref name=":Ma&Kang">{{Cite book |last1=Ma |first1=Xinru |title=Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations |last2=Kang |first2=David C. |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-55597-5 |series=Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=99}} Hideoyoshi's explicit war goal was for Japan to replace China at the top of the international order.<ref name=":Ma&Kang" />{{Rp|page=92}} Hideyoshi wrote to his adopted son Hidetsugu that "it is not Ming China alone that is destined to be subjugated by us, but India, the Philippines, and many islands in the South Sea will share a like fate."<ref name=":Ma&Kang" />{{Rp|pages=99-100}}

=== First campaign against Korea ===
{{Main|Imjin War}}

In the first campaign, Hideyoshi appointed [[Ukita Hideie]] as field marshal, and had him go to the Korean peninsula in April 1592. [[Konishi Yukinaga]] occupied [[Seoul]], which was the capital of the [[Joseon]] dynasty of Korea, on June 19. After Seoul fell, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Seoul and determined targets of subjugation called ''Hachidokuniwari'' literally, [[:ja:文禄・慶長の役|Eight(八) Route(道), Country(国) Division(割)]]. Each targeted province was attacked by one of the army's eight divisions:
* [[Pyeongan]] by the First Division led by [[Konishi Yukinaga]].
* [[Hamgyong Province|Hamgyong]] by the Second Division led by [[Katō Kiyomasa]].
* [[Hwanghae]] by the Third Division led by [[Kuroda Nagamasa]].
* [[Gangwon Province (historical)|Gangwon]] by the Fourth Division led by [[Mōri Katsunaga]].
* [[Chungcheong]] by the Fifth Division led by [[Fukushima Masanori]].
* [[Jeolla]] by the Sixth Division led by [[Kobayakawa Takakage]].
* [[Gyeongsang]] by the Seventh Division led by [[Mōri Terumoto]].
* [[Gyeonggi]] by the Eighth Division led by [[Ukita Hideie]].

Within four months, Hideyoshi's forces had a route into [[Manchuria]] and had occupied much of Korea. The Korean king [[Seonjo of Joseon]] escaped to [[Uiju]] and requested military intervention from China. In 1593, the [[Wanli Emperor]] of [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]] sent an army under general [[Li Rusong]] to block the planned Japanese invasion of China and recapture the Korean peninsula. On January 7, 1593, the Ming relief forces recaptured Pyongyang and surrounded [[Seoul]], but [[Kobayakawa Takakage]], [[Ukita Hideie]], [[Tachibana Muneshige]] and [[Kikkawa Hiroie]] were able to win the [[Battle of Byeokjegwan]] north of Seoul, in modern day Goyang City. At the end of the first campaign, Japan's entire navy was destroyed by Admiral [[Yi Sun-sin]] of Korea, whose base was located in a part of Korea the Japanese could not control. This destroyed Japan's ability to resupply their troops in Seoul, effectively ending the invasion.

=== Succession dispute ===
[[File:Hideyori Toyotomi.jpg|thumb|right|Toyotomi Hideyori]]

Following Hideyoshi's appointment of his nephew [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu|Hidetsugu]] to the position of ''[[Sesshō and Kampaku|kampaku]],'' tensions started to develop due to the dual power structure between Hidetsugu, who led the court system, and Hideyoshi, who retained actual military power as retired regent. Although Hideyoshi orchestrated Hidetsugu's rise, the regent's position was governed by established court frameworks, limiting Hideyoshi's ability to bypass precedents. This led to the formation of two factions: the "''Taiko'' (Hideyoshi's) group" and the "''Kampaku'' (Hidetsugu's) group," which clashed over political and military issues.<ref name=":0" />

The birth of Hideyoshi's second son in 1593, [[Toyotomi Hideyori|Hideyori]], exacerbated these tensions, as it introduced another potential heir to the Toyotomi dynasty. In July 1595, amidst suspicions of treason and the ongoing Korean invasion, Hidetsugu was stripped of his titles, exiled to [[Mount Kōya]], and then ordered to commit suicide in August 1595. Hidetsugu's family members who did not follow his example, including 31 women and several children, were then beheaded in [[Kyoto]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQTbDphPKmoC&pg=PA217 Berry 1982, pp. 217–223]</ref><ref name="jk270323" /><ref name="toyo220516" /><ref name="yh100324" /> In the aftermath, Hideyoshi solidified his authority by securing loyalty oaths, signed in blood, from magistrates and daimyos including influential damiyo like [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], [[Maeda Toshiie]], [[Ukita Hideie]], [[Mōri Terumoto|Mori Terumoto]], and [[Kobayakawa Takakage]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Twenty-six martyrs of Japan ===
In January 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had twenty-six Christians arrested as an example to Japanese who wanted to convert to [[Christianity]]. They are known as the [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan]]. They included five European [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] [[missionary|missionaries]], one [[Philip of Jesus|Mexican Franciscan]] missionary, three Japanese [[Jesuits]] and seventeen Japanese [[laymen]] including three young boys. They were tortured, mutilated, and paraded through towns across Japan. On February 5, they were executed in [[Nagasaki]] by public [[crucifixion]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Martyrs List | url=http://www1.bbiq.jp/martyrs/ListEngl.html | publisher=Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum | access-date=January 11, 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214135648/http://www1.bbiq.jp/martyrs/ListEngl.html | archive-date=February 14, 2010 }}</ref>

[[File:Painting of the Nagasaki Martyrs.jpg|thumb|right|[[26 Martyrs of Japan|The 26 Christian martyrs of Nagasaki]], 18–19th century, Choir of La Recoleta, [[Cuzco]]]]

=== Second campaign against Korea ===
{{Main|Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)}}

After several years of negotiations, broken off because envoys of both sides falsely reported that the opposition had surrendered, Hideyoshi appointed [[Kobayakawa Hideaki]] to lead a renewed invasion of Korea. This invasion met with less success than the first; Japanese troops remained pinned down in [[Gyeongsang Province]], and although the Japanese forces turned back several Chinese offensives in [[Suncheon]] and [[Sacheon]] in June 1598, they were unable to make further progress as the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] army prepared for a final assault. While Hideyoshi's [[Battle of Sacheon (1598)|battle at Sacheon]] led by [[Shimazu Yoshihiro]] was a major Japanese victory, all three parties to the war were exhausted. He told his commander in Korea, "Don't let my soldiers become spirits in a foreign land.".<ref name="Holmes" />