Editing Tiger (section)

== Threats ==
The tiger has been listed as [[Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 1986 and the global tiger population is thought to have continuously declined from an estimated population of 5,000–8,262 tigers in the late 1990s to 3,726–5,578 individuals estimated as of 2022.<ref name=iucn/> During 2001–2020, landscapes where tigers live declined from {{cvt|1025488|km2}} to {{cvt|911901|km2}}.<ref name=Sanderson_al2023/> [[Habitat destruction]], [[habitat fragmentation]] and [[poaching]] for fur and body parts are the major threats that contributed to the decrease of tiger populations in all range countries.<ref name=iucn/>

Protected areas in central India are highly fragmented due to linear infrastructure like roads, railway lines, [[transmission line]]s, [[irrigation]] channels and [[mining]] activities in their vicinity.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Schoen, J. M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Neelakantan, A. |author3=Cushman, S. A. |author4=Dutta, T. |author5=Habib, B. |author6=Jhala, Y. V. |author7=Mondal, I. |author8=Ramakrishnan, U. |author9=Reddy, P. A. |author10=Saini, S. |author11=Sharma, S. |year=2022 |title=Synthesizing habitat connectivity analyses of a globally important human-dominated tiger-conservation landscape |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=36 |issue=4 |page=e13909 |doi=10.1111/cobi.13909 |doi-access=free|pmid=35288989 |pmc=9545158 |bibcode=2022ConBi..36E3909S}}</ref>
In the [[Tanintharyi Region]] of southern Myanmar, [[deforestation]] coupled with mining activities and high hunting pressure threatens the tiger population.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Aung, S. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shwe, N. M. |author3=Frechette, J. |author4=Grindley, M. |author5=Connette, G. |year=2017 |title=Surveys in southern Myanmar indicate global importance for tigers and biodiversity |journal=Oryx |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=13 |doi=10.1017/S0030605316001393 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In Thailand, nine of 15 protected areas hosting tigers are isolated and fragmented, offering a low probability for dispersal between them; four of these have not harboured tigers since about 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Suttidate, N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Steinmetz, R. |author3=Lynam, A. J. |author4=Sukmasuang, R. |author5=Ngoprasert, D. |author6=Chutipong, W. |author7=Bateman, B. L. |author8=Jenks, K. E. |author9=Baker-Whatton, M. |author10=Kitamura, S. |author11=Ziółkowska, E. |year=2021 |title=Habitat connectivity for endangered Indochinese tigers in Thailand |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=29 |page=e01718 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01718 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GEcoC..2901718S}}</ref>
In Peninsular Malaysia, {{cvt|8315.7|km2}} of tiger habitat was cleared during 1988–2012, most of it for industrial [[plantation]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shevade, V. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Potapov, P. V. |author3=Harris, N. L. |author4=Loboda, T. V. |year=2017 |title=Expansion of industrial plantations continues to threaten Malayan tiger habitat |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=9 |issue=7 |page=747 |doi=10.3390/rs9070747 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017RemS....9..747S |hdl=1903/31503 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
Large-scale land acquisitions of about {{cvt|23000|km2}} for commercial [[agriculture]] and timber extraction in Cambodia contributed to the fragmentation of potential tiger habitat, especially in the Eastern Plains.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Debonne, N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=van Vliet, J. |author3=Verburg, P. |title=Future governance options for large-scale land acquisition in Cambodia: impacts on tree cover and tiger landscapes |year= 2019 |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=94 |issue= |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.031 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019ESPol..94....9D |hdl=1871.1/1dced676-560b-46fb-a7c5-e0c888c5cff1 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
[[Inbreeding depression]] coupled with habitat destruction, insufficient prey resources and poaching is a threat to the small and isolated tiger population in the [[Changbai Mountains]] along the China–Russia border.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wang, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Smith, J. L. |author3=Accatino, F. |author4=Ge, J. |author5=Wang, T. |year=2023 |title=Addressing the impact of canine distemper spreading on an isolated tiger population in northeast Asia |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=994–1008 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12712|pmid=36881515}}</ref>
In China, tigers became the target of large-scale 'anti-pest' campaigns in the early 1950s, where suitable habitats were fragmented following deforestation and resettlement of people to rural areas, who hunted tigers and prey species. Though tiger hunting was prohibited in 1977, the population continued to decline and is considered extinct in [[South China]] since 2001.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dramatic decline of wild South China tigers ''Panthera tigris amoyensis'': field survey of priority tiger reserves |author1=Tilson, R. |author2=Defu, H. |author3=Muntifering, J. |author4=Nyhus, P. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |journal=Oryx |volume=38 |issue=1|pages=40–47 |doi=10.1017/S0030605304000079 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn |author=Nyhus, P. |year=2008 |title=''Panthera tigris'' ssp. ''amoyensis'' |page=e.T15965A5334628 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15965A5334628.en}}</ref>
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een jager poseert bij de huid van een geschoten tijger bij Kalitapakdoewoer TMnr 10024166.jpg|thumb|A [[Javan tiger]] skin, 1915|alt=Tiger rug displayed on wall behind a man with a gun]]
Tiger populations in India have been targeted by poachers since the 1990s and were extirpated in two tiger reserves in 2005 and 2009.<ref name=Jhala_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Jhala, Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Gopal, R. |author3=Mathur, V. |author4=Ghosh, P. |author5=Negi, H. S. |author6=Narain, S. |author7=Yadav, S. P. |author8= Malik, A. |author9=Garawad, R. |author10=Qureshi, Q. |year=2021 |title=Recovery of tigers in India: Critical introspection and potential lessons |journal=People and Nature |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=281–293 |doi=10.1002/pan3.10177 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021PeoNa...3..281J}}</ref>
Between March 2017 and January 2020, 630 activities of hunters using [[Trapping#Snares|snares]], drift nets, hunting platforms and hunting dogs were discovered in a reserve forest of about {{cvt|1000|km2}} in southern Myanmar.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shwe, N. M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Grainger, M. |author3=Ngoprasert, D. |author4=Aung, S. S. |author5=Grindley, M. |author6=Savini, T. |year=2023 |title=Anthropogenic pressure on large carnivores and their prey in the highly threatened forests of Tanintharyi, southern Myanmar |journal=Oryx |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=262–271 |doi=10.1017/S0030605321001654 |doi-access=free |hdl=11250/3040580 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park]] was considered the last important site for the tiger in Laos, but it has not been recorded there at least since 2013; this population likely fell victim to indiscriminate snaring.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rasphone, A. |author2=Kéry, M. |author3=Kamler, J. F. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Macdonald, D. W. |year=2019 |title=Documenting the demise of tiger and leopard, and the status of other carnivores and prey, in Lao PDR's most prized protected area: Nam Et-Phou Louey |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=20 |page=e00766 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00766 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019GEcoC..2000766R}}</ref> [[Anti-poaching]] units in Sumatra's [[Kerinci Seblat National Park|Kerinci Seblat]] landscape removed 362 tiger snare traps and seized 91 tiger skins during 2005–2016; annual poaching rates increased with rising skin prices.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Linkie, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Martyr, D. |author3=Harihar, A. |author4=Mardiah, S. |author5=Hodgetts, T. |author6=Risdianto, D. |author7=Subchaan, M. |author8=Macdonald, D. |year=2018 |title=Asia's economic growth and its impact on Indonesia's tigers |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=219 |pages=105–109 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.011|bibcode=2018BCons.219..105L}}</ref>
Poaching is also the main threat to the tiger population in far eastern Russia, where [[logging]] roads facilitate access for poachers and people harvesting forest products that are important for prey species to survive in winter.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Slaght, J. C. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Milakovsky, B. |author3=Maksimova, D. A. |author5=Seryodkin, I. |author4=Zaitsev, V. A. |author6=Panichev, A. |author7=Miquelle, D. |year=2017 |title=Anthropogenic influences on the distribution of a Vulnerable coniferous forest specialist: habitat selection by the Siberian musk deer ''Moschus moschiferus'' |journal=Oryx |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=174–180 |doi=10.1017/S0030605316001617 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Body parts of 207 tigers were detected during 21 surveys in 1991–2014 in two wildlife markets in Myanmar catering to customers in Thailand and China.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nijman, V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shepherd, C. R. |year=2015 |title=Trade in tigers and other wild cats in Mong La and Tachilek, Myanmar – A tale of two border towns |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=182 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.031 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BCons.182....1N}}</ref>
During the years 2000–2022, at least 3,377 tigers were [[Confiscation|confiscated]] in 2,205 seizures in 28 countries; seizures encompassed 665 live and 654 dead individuals, 1,313 whole tiger skins, 16,214 body parts like bones, teeth, paws, claws, whiskers and {{cvt|1.1|t}} of meat; 759 seizures in India encompassed body parts of 893 tigers; and 403 seizures in Thailand involved mostly captive-bred tigers.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Wong, R. |author2=Krishnasamy, K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2022 |title=Skin and Bones: Tiger Trafficking Analysis from January 2000 – June 2022 |publisher=TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office |location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia |url=https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19714/skin_and_bones_tiger_trafficking_analysis_from_january_2000_to_june_2022_r7.pdf |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117215040/https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19714/skin_and_bones_tiger_trafficking_analysis_from_january_2000_to_june_2022_r7.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Seizures in Nepal between January 2011 and December 2015 obtained 585 pieces of tiger body parts and two whole carcasses in 19 districts.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Paudel, P. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Acharya, K. P. |author3=Baral, H. S. |author4=Heinen, J. T. |author5=Jnawali, S. R. |year=2020 |title=Trends, patterns, and networks of illicit wildlife trade in Nepal: A national synthesis |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |volume=2 |issue=9 |page=e247 |doi=10.1111/csp2.247 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ConSP...2E.247P}}</ref> Seizure data from India during 2001–2021 indicate that tiger skins were the most often traded body parts, followed by claws, bones and teeth; trafficking routes mainly passed through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Assam.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nittu, G. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shameer, T. T. |author3=Nishanthini, N. K. |author4=Sanil, R. |year=2023 |title=The tide of tiger poaching in India is rising! An investigation of the intertwined facts with a focus on conservation |journal=GeoJournal |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=753–766 |doi=10.1007/s10708-022-10633-4 |doi-access=free |pmid=35431409 |pmc=9005341|bibcode=2023GeoJo..88..753N }}</ref>
A total of 292 illegal tiger parts were confiscated at US ports of entry from personal baggage, air cargo and mail between 2003 and 2012.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Khanwilkar, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Sosnowski, M. |year=2022 |author3=Guynup, S. |title=Patterns of illegal and legal tiger parts entering the United States over a decade (2003–2012) |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=e622 |doi=10.1111/csp2.622 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ConSP...4E.622K}}</ref>

Demand for tiger parts for use in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] has also been cited as a major threat to tiger populations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Uhm |first1=D. P. |title=The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders (Studies of Organized Crime) |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |location=New York|pages=224–226}}</ref>
Interviews with local people in the Bangladeshi Sundarbans revealed that they kill tigers for local consumption and trade of skins, bones and meat, in [[retaliation]] for attacks by tigers and for excitement.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Saif, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rahman, H. T. |author3=MacMillan, D. C. |year=2018 |title=Who is killing the tiger ''Panthera tigris'' and why? |journal=Oryx |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=46–54 |doi=10.1017/S0030605316000491 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Tiger body parts like skins, bones, teeth and hair are consumed locally by wealthy Bangladeshis and are illegally trafficked from Bangladesh to 15 countries including India, China, Malaysia, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Japan and the United Kingdom via land borders, airports and seaports.<ref name=Uddin2023/>
Tiger bone glue is the prevailing tiger product purchased for medicinal purposes in [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Davis, E. O. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Willemsen, M. |author3=Dang, V. |author4=O'Connor, D. |author5=Glikman, J. A. |year=2020 |title=An updated analysis of the consumption of tiger products in urban Vietnam |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=22 |page=e00960 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00960 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020GEcoC..2200960D}}</ref> "Tiger farm" facilities in China and Southeast Asia breed tigers for their parts, but these appear to make the threat to wild populations worse by increasing the demand for tiger products.<ref name=Worldwildlife/>

Local people killing tigers in retaliation for attacking and preying on livestock is a threat in several tiger range countries, as this consequence of [[human–wildlife conflict]] also contributes to the decline of the population.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Singh, R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Nigam, P. |author3=Qureshi, Q. |author4=Sankar, K. |author5=Krausman, P. R. |author6=Goyal, S. P. |author7=Nicholoson, K. L. |year=2015 |title=Characterizing human–tiger conflict in and around Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, western India |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=255–261 |doi=10.1007/s10344-014-0895-z|bibcode=2015EJWR...61..255S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chowdhurym, A. N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Mondal, R. |author3=Brahma, A. |author4=Biswas, M. K. |year=2016 |title=Ecopsychosocial aspects of human–tiger conflict: An ethnographic study of tiger widows of Sundarban Delta, India |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=10 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.4137/EHI.S24 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dhungana, R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Savini, T. |author3=Karki, J. B. |author4=Dhakal, M. |author5=Lamichhane, B. R. |author6=Bumrungsri, S. |year=2018 |title=Living with tigers ''Panthera tigris'': Patterns, correlates, and contexts of human–tiger conflict in Chitwan National Park, Nepal |journal=Oryx |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=55–65 |doi=10.1017/S0030605316001587 |doi-access=free |hdl=1887/57668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lubis, M. I. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Pusparini, W. |author3=Prabowo, S. A. |author4=Marthy, W. |author5=Tarmizi |author6=Andayani, N. |author7=Linkie, M. |year=2020 |title=Unraveling the complexity of human–tiger conflicts in the Leuser Ecosystem, Sumatra |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=741–749 |doi=10.1111/acv.12591|bibcode=2020AnCon..23..741L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Neo, W. H. Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lubis, M. I. |author3=Lee, J. S. H. |year=2023 |title=Settlements and plantations are sites of human–tiger interactions in Riau, Indonesia |journal=Oryx |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=476–480 |doi=10.1017/S0030605322000667 |doi-access=free |hdl=10356/165557 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>