Editing Theories of urban planning (section)

=== Participatory planning ===
{{main|Participatory planning}}
[[File:Keskustelutilaisuus Helsingin yleiskaavasta.jpg|thumb|A public consultation event about urban planning in Helsinki]]
Participatory planning is an urban planning [[paradigm]] that emphasizes involving the entire community in the strategic and management processes of urban planning; or, community-level planning processes, urban or rural. It is often considered as part of [[community development]].<ref name="REFALPHA">{{cite web|last1=Lefevre|first1=Pierre|last2=Kolsteren|first2=Patrick|last3=De Wael|first3=Marie-Paule|last4=Byekwaso|first4=Francis|last5=Beghin|first5=Ivan|date=December 2000|title=Comprehensive Participatory Planning and Evaluation|url=http://www.ifad.org/pub/bsf/cppe/cppe.pdf|access-date=2008-10-21|publisher=IFAD|location=Antwerp, Belgium|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200814/http://www.ifad.org/pub/bsf/cppe/cppe.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Participatory planning aims to harmonize views among all of its participants as well as prevent conflict between opposing parties. In addition, marginalized groups have an opportunity to participate in the planning process.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McTague|first1=Colleen|last2=Jakubowski|first2=Susan|date=October 2013|title=Marching to the beat of a silent drum: Wasted consensus-building and failed neighborhood participatory planning|journal=Applied Geography|volume=44|pages=182–191|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.019|bibcode=2013AppGe..44..182M }}</ref>

[[Patrick Geddes]] had first advocated for the "real and active participation" of citizens when working in the [[British Raj]], arguing against the "Dangers of Municipal Government from above" which would cause "detachment from public and popular feeling, and consequently, before long, from public and popular needs and usefulness".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J1kAwAAQBAJ&q=cities+of+tomorrow|title=Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880|date=2014-04-17|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-45651-4|pages=299|language=en}}</ref> Further on, [[self-build]] was researched by [[Raymond Unwin]] in the 1930s in his ''Town Planning in Practice''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J1kAwAAQBAJ&q=cities+of+tomorrow|title=Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880|date=2014-04-17|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-45651-4|pages=300|language=en}}</ref> The Italian anarchist architect [[Giancarlo De Carlo]] then argued in 1948 that "“The housing problem cannot be solved from above. It is a problem of the people, and it will not be solved, or even boldly faced, except by the concrete will and action of the people themselves", and that planning should exist "as the manifestation of communal collaboration".<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J1kAwAAQBAJ&q=cities+of+tomorrow|title=Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880|date=2014-04-17|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-45651-4|pages=301|language=en}}</ref> Through the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]], his ideas caught [[John F. C. Turner|John Turner]], who started working in [[Peru]] with Eduardo Neira.<ref name=":10" /> He would go on working in [[Lima]] from the mid-'50s to the mid-'60s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J1kAwAAQBAJ&q=cities+of+tomorrow|title=Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880|date=2014-04-17|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-45651-4|pages=302|language=en}}</ref> There he found that the [[Barrio|''barrios'']] were not [[slum]]s, but were rather highly organised and well-functioning.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J1kAwAAQBAJ&q=cities+of+tomorrow|title=Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880|date=2014-04-17|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-45651-4|pages=304|language=en}}</ref> As a result, he came to the conclusion that:<blockquote>"When dwellers control the major decisions and are free to make their own contributions in the design, construction or management of their housing, both this process and the environment produced stimulate individual and social well-being. When people have no control over nor responsibility for key decisions in the housing process, on the other hand, dwelling environments may instead become a barrier to personal fulfillment and a burden on the economy."<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J1kAwAAQBAJ&q=cities+of+tomorrow|title=Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880|date=2014-04-17|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-45651-4|pages=305–306|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>The role of the government was to provide a framework within which people would be able to work freely, for example by providing them the necessary resources, infrastructure and land.<ref name=":11" /> Self-build was later again taken up by [[Christopher Alexander]], who led a project called People Rebuild Berkeley in 1972, with the aim to create "self-sustaining, self-governing" communities, though it ended up being closer to traditional planning.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J1kAwAAQBAJ&q=cities+of+tomorrow|title=Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880|date=2014-04-17|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-45651-4|pages=311|language=en}}</ref>