Editing Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven) (section)

==Influence==
[[File:Haus-UngargasseNr5-Tafel2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Plaque at building Ungargasse No.&nbsp;5, Vienna. "Ludwig van Beethoven completed in this house during the winter of 1823/24 his Ninth Symphony. In memory of the centenary of its first performance on 7 May 1824 the [[Wiener Schubertbund]] dedicated this memorial plaque to the master and his work on 7 May 1924."]]
Many later composers of the [[Romantic music|Romantic period]] and beyond were influenced by the Ninth Symphony.

An important theme in the finale of [[Johannes Brahms]]' [[Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)|Symphony No. 1 in C minor]] is related to the "Ode to Joy" theme from the last movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. When this was pointed out to Brahms, he is reputed to have retorted "Any fool can see that!" Brahms's first symphony was, at times, both praised and derided as "Beethoven's Tenth".

The Ninth Symphony influenced the forms that [[Anton Bruckner]] used for the movements of his symphonies. His [[Symphony No. 3 (Bruckner)|Symphony No. 3]] is in the same key (D minor) as Beethoven's 9th and makes substantial use of thematic ideas from it. The slow movement of Bruckner's [[Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)|Symphony No. 7]] uses the A–B–A–B–A form found in the 3rd movement of Beethoven's piece and takes various figurations from it.<ref name=taruskin>{{Cite book| first=Richard |last=Taruskin |author-link=Richard Taruskin |year=2010 |title=Music in the Nineteenth Century |series=The Oxford History of Western Music |volume=3 |pages=747–751 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-538483-3}}</ref>

In the opening notes of the third movement of his [[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 9 (''From the New World'')]], [[Antonín Dvořák]] pays homage to the scherzo of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with his falling fourths and timpani strokes.<ref>[[Michael Steinberg (music critic)|Steinberg, Michael]]. ''The Symphony: A Listeners Guide''. p. 153. Oxford University Press, 1995.</ref>

[[Béla Bartók]] borrowed the opening [[Motif (music)|motif]] of the scherzo from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony to introduce the second movement (scherzo) in his own Four Orchestral Pieces, Op. 12 (Sz 51).<ref>{{cite web|last=Howard|first=Orrin|title=About the Piece {{!}} Four Orchestral Pieces, Op. 12|url=http://www.laphil.com/philpedia/music/four-orchestral-pieces-op-12-bela-bartok|publisher=Los Angeles Philharmonic|access-date=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608004144/http://www.laphil.com/philpedia/music/four-orchestral-pieces-op-12-bela-bartok|archive-date=8 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bartók|first=Béla|title=4 Pieces, Op. 12 – Violin I – (Musical Score)|year=1912|publisher=Universal Edition|pages=3|url=http://hz.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/8/8b/IMSLP54751-PMLP46172-Bartok-Op12.Violin1.pdf|access-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203314/http://hz.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/8/8b/IMSLP54751-PMLP46172-Bartok-Op12.Violin1.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Michael Tippett]] in his [[Symphony No. 3 (Tippett)|Third Symphony]] (1972) quotes the opening of the finale of Beethoven's Ninth and then criticises the utopian understanding of the brotherhood of man as expressed in the [[Ode to Joy]] and instead stresses man's capacity for both good and evil.{{sfn|Matthews|1980|p=93}}

In the film ''[[The Pervert's Guide to Ideology]]'', the philosopher [[Slavoj Žižek]] comments on the use of the Ode by [[Nazism]], [[Bolshevism]], the Chinese [[Cultural Revolution]], the [[United Team of Germany at the Olympics|East-West German Olympic team]], [[Southern Rhodesia]], [[Abimael Guzmán]] (leader of the [[Shining Path]]), and the [[Council of Europe]] and the [[Symbols of the European Union|European Union]].<ref>{{cite AV media
 | people = [[Slavoj Žižek]]
 | date = 7 September 2012
 | title = [[The Pervert's Guide to Ideology]]
 | medium = Motion picture
 | publisher = [[Zeitgeist Films]]
}}; {{cite web|first=Josh|last=Jones|date=26 November 2013 |title=Slavoj Žižek Examines the Perverse Ideology of Beethoven's Ode to Joy|website=[[Open Culture]]|url=https://www.openculture.com/2013/11/slavoj-zizek-examines-the-perverse-ideology-of-beethovens-ode-to-joy.html|access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>

===Compact disc format===
One legend is that the [[compact disc]] was deliberately designed to have a 74-minute playing time so that it could accommodate Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is a CD 74 minutes long? It's because of Beethoven|url=https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/why-is-a-cd-74-minutes/|access-date=2021-03-27|author=Victoria Longdon|website=[[Classic FM (UK)|Classic FM]]|date=3 May 2019}}</ref> [[Kees Immink]], [[Philips]]' chief engineer, who developed the CD, recalls that a commercial tug-of-war between the development partners, [[Sony]] and Philips, led to a settlement in a neutral 12-cm diameter format. The 1951 performance of the Ninth Symphony conducted by [[Wilhelm Furtwängler|Furtwängler]] was brought forward as the perfect excuse for the change,<ref name="Immink2">{{Cite journal
|journal=IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
|volume=57
|date=2007
|title=Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc
|author=K. A. Schouhamer Immink
|author-link=Kees Schouhamer Immink
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322951358
|pages=42–46
|access-date=2018-02-06
}}</ref><ref name="Imminknature">{{Cite journal
|journal=[[Nature Electronics]]
|volume=1
|date=2018
|title=How we made the compact disc
|author=K.A. Schouhamer Immink
|author-link=Kees Schouhamer Immink
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324571504
|access-date=2018-04-16
|quote=An international collaboration between Philips and the Sony Corporation lead to the creation of the compact disc. The author explains how it came about
}}</ref> and was put forth in a Philips news release celebrating the 25th anniversary of the Compact Disc as the reason for the 74-minute length.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecoustics.com/products/philips-celebrates-25th-anniversary-compact/|title=Philips Celebrates 25th Anniversary of the Compact Disc|author=Brian Mitchell|date=16 August 2007|access-date=10 July 2023|website=ecoustics.com}}</ref>

===TV theme music===
''[[The Huntley–Brinkley Report]]'' used the opening to the second movement as its theme music during the run of the program on [[NBC]] from 1956 until 1970. The theme was taken from the 1952 [[RCA Red Seal|RCA Victor]] recording of the Ninth Symphony by the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by [[Arturo Toscanini]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.networknewsmusic.com/huntley-brinkley-report-theme|title=''Huntley–Brinkley Report'' Theme|website=networknewsmusic.com|date=20 September 1959|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref> A [[synthesizer|synthesized]] version of the opening bars of the second movement were also used as the theme for ''[[Countdown with Keith Olbermann]]'' on [[MSNBC]] and [[Current TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-03-31|title="Countdown with Keith Olbermann" (MSNBC) 2003 – 2011 Theme|url=https://www.networknewsmusic.com/countdown-with-keith-olbermann-msnbc-2003-2011-theme/|access-date=2021-02-12|website=Network News Music|language=en}}</ref> A rock guitar version of the "Ode to Joy" theme was used as the theme for ''[[Suddenly Susan]]'' in its first season.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Fretts |first1=Bruce |title=TV Show Openings |url=https://ew.com/article/1996/11/15/tv-show-openings/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly|EW.com]] |access-date=2022-05-19 |date=15 November 1996}}</ref>

===Use as (national) anthem===
{{Listen|type=music|filename=Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg|title=Anthem of Europe (short version)}}
During the [[division of Germany]] in the [[Cold War]], the "Ode to Joy" segment of the symphony was played in lieu of a national anthem at the Olympic Games for the [[United Team of Germany]] between 1956 and 1968. In 1972, the musical backing (without the words) was adopted as the [[Anthem of Europe]] by the [[Council of Europe]] and subsequently by the [[European Communities]] (now the [[European Union]]) in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/anthem/index_en.htm|title=The European Anthem|website=europa.eu|date=16 June 2016}}</ref> The "Ode to Joy" was used as the national anthem of [[Rhodesia]] between 1974 and 1979, as "[[Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia]]".<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cHBmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XosNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6475,5011881&dq "Rhodesia picks Ode to Joy"], ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'', 30 August 1974</ref> During the early 1990s, South Africa used an instrumental version of "Ode to Joy" in lieu of its national anthem at the time "[[Die Stem van Suid-Afrika]]" at sporting events, though it was never actually adopted as an official national anthem.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/24/opinion/l-south-africa-poaches-on-europe-s-anthem-000891.html|title=Opinion &#124; South Africa Poaches on Europe's Anthem|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 November 1991}}</ref>

===Use as a hymn melody===
In 1907, the [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] pastor [[Henry van Dyke Jr.]] wrote the hymn "[[The Hymn of Joy|Joyful, Joyful, we adore thee]]" while staying at [[Williams College]].<ref>{{cite book|last=van Dyke|first=Henry|author-link=Henry van Dyke Jr.|title=The Poems of Henry van Dyke|year=2004|publisher=Fredonia Books|location=Netherlands|isbn=1410105741}}</ref> The hymn is commonly sung in English-language churches to the "Ode to Joy" melody from this symphony.<ref>Rev. Corey F. O'Brien, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113190313/http://www.northprospectchurch.org/Sermons/s081109.pdf November 9, 2008 sermon]" at North Prospect Union United Church of Christ in Medford.</ref>

===Year-end tradition===
The [[Trade unions in Germany|German workers' movement]] began the tradition of performing the Ninth Symphony on New Year's Eve in 1918. Performances started at 11 p.m. so that the symphony's finale would be played at the beginning of the new year. This tradition continued during the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi period]] and was also observed by [[East Germany]] after the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hr-online.de/servlet/de.hr.cms.servlet.File/11-006.pdf?enc=d3M9aHJteXNxbCZibG9iSWQ9MTE5NDAzNDkmaWQ9NDA3NDE2MTkmZm9yY2VEb3dubG9hZD0x|url-status=dead|title=Beethovens 9. Sinfonie – Musik für alle Zwecke – Die Neunte und Europa: 'Die Marseillaise der Menschheit'|language=de|author=Niels Kaiser|publisher=hr2|date=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108120547/http://www.hr-online.de/servlet/de.hr.cms.servlet.File/11-006.pdf?enc=d3M9aHJteXNxbCZibG9iSWQ9MTE5NDAzNDkmaWQ9NDA3NDE2MTkmZm9yY2VEb3dubG9hZD0x|archive-date=8 January 2018}}</ref>

The Ninth Symphony is traditionally performed throughout Japan at [[Ōmisoka|the end of the year]]. In December 2009, for example, there were 55 performances of the symphony by various major orchestras and choirs in Japan.<ref name="Brasor">Brasor, Philip, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20101224r1.html Japan makes Beethoven's Ninth No. 1 for the holidays]", ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 24 December 2010, p. 20, retrieved on 24 December 2010; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609215442/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20101224r1.html |date=9 June 2011 }}<br />Uranaka, Taiga, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn19991201a5.html Beethoven concert to fete students' wartime sendoff]", ''The Japan Times'', 1 December 1999, retrieved on 24 December 2010. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609215516/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn19991201a5.html |date=9 June 2011 }}</ref> It was introduced to [[Japan during World War I]] by German prisoners held at the [[Bandō prisoner-of-war camp]].<ref name="ST">{{cite news |title=How World War I made Beethoven's Ninth a Japanese New Year's tradition |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/classical-music/how-world-war-i-made-beethovens-ninth-a-japanese-new-year-tradition/ |access-date=21 July 2020 |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=30 December 2015}}</ref> Japanese orchestras, notably the [[NHK Symphony Orchestra]], began performing the symphony in 1925 and during World War II; the [[Empire of Japan|Imperial government]] promoted performances of the symphony, including on New Year's Eve. In an effort to capitalize on its popularity, orchestras and choruses undergoing economic hard times during Japan's reconstruction performed the piece at year's end. In the 1960s, these year-end performances of the symphony became more widespread, and included the participation of local choirs and orchestras, firmly establishing a tradition that continues today. Some of these performances feature massed choirs of up to 10,000 singers.<ref>{{cite news |title=10,000 people sing Japan's Christmas song |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-42436120/beethoven-s-ninth-10000-singers-for-japan-s-christmas-song |access-date=21 July 2020 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="ST" />

[[WQXR-FM]], a classical [[radio station]] serving the [[New York metropolitan area]], ends every year with a [[wiktionary:countdown|countdown]] of the pieces of classical music most requested in a survey held every December; though any piece could win the place of honor and thus welcome the New Year, i.e. play through midnight on January 1, Beethoven's Choral has won in every year on record.<ref>https://www.wqxr.org/story/2021-classical-countdown/ N. B. Links to previous years' countdowns can be found at the link in the reference.</ref>

===Other choral symphonies===
{{See also|List of choral symphonies}}
Prior to Beethoven's ninth, symphonies had not used choral forces and the piece thus established the genre of [[choral symphony]]. Numbered choral symphonies as part of a cycle of otherwise instrumental works have subsequently been written by numerous composers, including [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] and [[Charles Ives]] among many others.

===Other ninth symphonies===
The scale and influence of Beethoven's ninth led later composers to ascribe a special significance to their own ninth symphonies, which may have contributed to the cultural phenomenon known as the [[curse of the ninth]]. A number of other composers' ninth symphonies also employ a chorus, such as those by [[Kurt Atterberg]], [[Mieczysław Weinberg]], [[Edmund Rubbra]], [[Hans Werner Henze]], and [[Robert Kyr]]. [[Anton Bruckner]] had not originally intended his unfinished [[Symphony No. 9 (Bruckner)|ninth symphony]] to feature choral forces, but the use of his choral ''Te Deum'' in lieu of the uncompleted Finale was supposedly sanctioned by the composer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bruckner's Te Deum: A Hymn of Praise |url=https://thelistenersclub.com/2021/03/10/bruckners-te-deum-a-hymn-of-praise/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |work=The Listeners' Club |date=10 March 2021}}</ref> [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] had originally intended his [[Symphony No. 9 (Shostakovich)|Ninth Symphony]] to be a large work with chorus and soloists, although the symphony as it eventually appeared was a relatively short work without vocal forces.<ref>Fay, Laurel E. Shostakovich: A life. Oxford University Press, 2000.</ref>

Of his own Ninth Symphony, [[George Lloyd (composer)|George Lloyd]] wrote: "When a composer has written eight symphonies he may find that the horizon has been blacked out by the overwhelming image of Beethoven and his one and only Ninth. There are other very good No. 5s and No. 3s, for instance, but how can one possibly have the temerity of trying to write another Ninth Symphony?"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/7951321--george-lloyd-symphonies-nos-2-9|title=George Lloyd: Symphonies Nos 2 & 9|access-date=22 Jan 2021}}</ref> [[Niels Gade]] composed only eight symphonies, despite living for another twenty years after completing the eighth. He is believed to have replied, when asked why he did not compose another symphony, "There is only one ninth", in reference to Beethoven.<ref>{{cite book|last=Henriques|first=Robert|year=1891|title=Niels W. Gade|location=Copenhagen|publisher=Studentersamfundets Førlag [Student Society]|language=da|page=23|oclc=179892774}}</ref>