Editing Sunni Islam (section)

==Jurisprudence==
Interpreting Islamic law by deriving specific rulings – such as how to pray – is commonly known as [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]]. The schools of law all have their own particular tradition of interpreting this jurisprudence. As these schools represent clearly spelled out methodologies for interpreting Islamic law, there has been little change in the methodology with regard to each school. While conflict between the schools was often violent in the past,<ref name="chib" /> the four Sunni schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries.<ref name="rabb">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Intisar A. |last=Rabb |title=Fiqh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2009 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |isbn=978-0195305135 }}</ref><ref name="hussin">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Iza |last=Hussin |author-link=Iza Hussin |title=Sunni Schools of Jurisprudence |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor=Emad El-Din Shahin |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001 |isbn=978-0199739356 }}</ref>

===Schools===
[[File:Great Mosque of Kairouan Panorama - Grande Mosquée de Kairouan Panorama.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]] (also known as the Mosque of Uqba) in the city of [[Kairouan]], [[Tunisia]], was, particularly from the 9th to 11th century, an important center of Islamic learning with an emphasis on the [[Maliki]] Madh'hab.<ref name="futureIslam">Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and Riad Nourallah, ''The future of Islam'', Routledge, 2002, page 199</ref>]]
There are many intellectual traditions within the field of ''[[Sharia|Shari'ah]]'' ([[Islamic law]]), often referred to as ''[[Madhhab|Madh'habs]]'' (legal schools). These varied traditions reflect differing viewpoints on some laws and obligations within Islamic law. While one school may see a certain act as a religious obligation, another may see the same act as optional. These schools are not regarded as sects; rather, they represent differing viewpoints on issues that are not considered the core of [[aqida|Islamic belief]]. Historians have differed regarding the exact delineation of the schools based on the underlying principles they follow.

Many traditional scholars saw Sunni Islam in two groups: ''[[Ahl al-Ra'y]]'', or "people of reason", due to their emphasis on scholarly judgment and discourse; and ''[[Ahl al-Hadith]]'', or "people of traditions", due to their emphasis on restricting juristic thought to only what is found in scripture.<ref>{{cite web |author=Murtada Mutahhari |url=http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/ijtihad-legislation.htm |title=The Role of Ijtihad in Legislation |publisher=Al-Islam.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304212400/http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/ijtihad-legislation.htm |archive-date=2012-03-04}}</ref> [[Ibn Khaldun]] defined the Sunni schools as three: the [[Hanafi]] school representing reason, the [[Ẓāhirī]]te school representing tradition, and a broader, middle school encompassing the [[Shafi'i]]te, [[Maliki]]te and [[Hanbali]]te schools.<ref>Meinhaj Hussain, A New Medina, [https://archive.today/20130103002610/http://www.grandestrategy.com/2012/01/6655434312-chapter-nine-new-medina.html The Legal System], Grande Strategy, January 5th, 2012</ref><ref>[[Ignác Goldziher]], ''The Zahiris'', p. 5. Trns. Wolfgang Behn, intro. [[Camilla Adang]]. Volume three of Brill Classics in Islam. [[Leiden]]: [[Brill Publishers]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-9004162419}}</ref>

During the [[Middle Ages]], the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] in Egypt delineated the acceptable Sunni schools as only [[Hanafi]], [[Maliki]], [[Shafi'i]] and [[Hanbali]], excluding the Ẓāhirī school.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Islamic_law.aspx |title=Law, Islamic |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118232452/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Islamic_law.aspx |archive-date=2012-01-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ottoman Empire]] later reaffirmed the official status of four schools as a reaction to the [[Shia Islam|Shiite]] character of their ideological and political archrival, the [[Safavid dynasty|Persian Safavids]].<ref name="chib">Chibli Mallat, ''Introduction to Middle Eastern Law'', p. 116. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0199230495}}</ref> In the contemporary era, former [[List of heads of government of Sudan|Prime Minister of Sudan]] [[Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi]], as well as the [[Amman Message]] issued by King [[Abdullah II of Jordan]], recognize the Ẓāhirīs and keep the number of Sunni schools at five.<ref>[[Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim]], "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse". Taken from ''The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought'', p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]]: [[Wiley-Blackwell]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-1405178488}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 |title=AmmanMessage.com – The Official Site |access-date=2013-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202045430/http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=74 |archive-date=2013-02-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ahle Sunnat Barelvi===
The [[Ahle Sunnat Barelvi]], also known as '''Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah''' (People of the Prophet's Way and the Community) is a Sunni revivalist movement following the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of jurisprudence, and Maturidi and Ashʿari schools of theology with hundreds of millions of followers.<ref name="Esposito2003">{{cite encyclopedia |author-link= |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link= John Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |title=Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-76?rskey=uPHzDO&result=1 |url-access=subscription |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRR6DQAAQBAJ&q=Barelvi+ahle+sunnat+wal+jamaat&pg=PT125|title=Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora: Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies|last1=Hassankhan|first1=Maurits S.|last2=Vahed|first2=Goolam|last3=Roopnarine|first3=Lomarsh|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-98686-1|language=en|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807184907/https://books.google.com/books?id=pRR6DQAAQBAJ&q=Barelvi+ahle+sunnat+wal+jamaat&pg=PT125|url-status=live}}</ref> 
The movement is moderate form of Islam that Muslims in South Asia have followed for centuries<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/15/islam-pakistan-barelvi-saudi-wahhabi | title=The saints go marching out as the face of Islam hardens in Pakistan | newspaper=The Guardian | date=15 January 2014 | last1=Boone | first1=Jon }}</ref> and it encompasses a variety of [[Sufi orders]], including the [[Chisti]]s, [[Qadiri]]s, [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]]s and [[Naqshbandi]]s as well as many other orders and sub-orders of Sufism. They consider themselves to be the continuation of [[Sunni Islamic]] orthodoxy before the rise of [[Salafism]] and [[Deobandi]] Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2010/09/15/muslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-europe-sufi-orders/|title=Sufi Orders|work=Pew Research Center|date=15 September 2010|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524080541/https://www.pewforum.org/2010/09/15/muslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-europe-sufi-orders/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement is spread across the globe with millions of followers, thousands of mosques, institutions and organizations in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[United Kingdom]], [[South Africa]]  and other parts of Africa, [[Europe]], the Caribbean, and the United States<ref>{{cite news |title=Noted Sufi heads denounce fatwa issued by Barelvis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/noted-sufi-heads-denounce-fatwa-issued-by-barelvis/articleshow/51608463.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The movement now has over 200 million followers globally.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-908 | isbn=978-0-19-280094-7 | title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | chapter=Barelvi | date=January 2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0288.xml | title=The Barelvī School of Thought }}</ref>

The movement claim to revive the Sunnah as embodied in the Qur’an and literature of traditions (Hadith), as the people had lapsed from the Prophetic traditions. Consequently, scholars took the duty of reminding Muslims go back to the 'ideal' way of Islam.<ref>(Sanyal 1996)</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|author=Ayesha Khan |title=Sufisticated:Exploring post-Tariqa Sufi expression amongst young British Muslims |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/135196/ |location=Cardiff University |degree=PhD |year=2020}}</ref> The movement drew inspiration from the Sunni [[doctrine]]s of [[Shah Abdur Rahim]] (1644–1719) founder of [[Madrasah-i Rahimiyah]] and one of the compiler of [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]]. Shah Abdur Rahim is father of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]. The movement also drew inspiration from [[Shah Abdul Aziz Muhaddith Dehlavi]] (1746 –1824) and [[Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi]] (1796–1861) founder of the Khairabad School.<ref>Introduction of Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at (Sawad E Azam Ahl E Sunnat Wal Jama'at Aqaed W Mamulat) by [[Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi]], published by Darul Qalam, Delhi 2014</ref> 
Fazle Haq Khairabadi Islamic scholar and leader of [[1857 rebellion]] issued ''fatwas'' against Wahabi [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi|Ismail Dehlvi]] for his doctrine of God's alleged ability to lie (Imkan-e-Kizb) from Delhi in 1825.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khair Abadi|first=Fazl e Haq|title=''Taḥqīqulfatvá fī ibt̤āl al-t̤ug̲h̲vá''|publisher=[['Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi|Shah Abd al-Haqq Muhaddith e -Dehlawi]] Academy|year=1825}}</ref> Ismail is considered as an intellectual ancestor of Deobandis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jamal|first=Malik|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/759884386|title=Madrasas in South Asia : teaching terror?|date=2008|publisher=Routhledge|isbn=978-0-415-44247-3|oclc=759884386}}</ref>

The movement emphasizes personal devotion to and oneness of God i.e. [[Tawheed]] and the finality of prophethood, adherence to [[Sharia]] and in [[Fiqh]] following the four schools, following the [[Ilm al-Kalam]] and Sufi practices such as veneration of [[saints in Islam|saints]] among other things associated with Sufism.<ref name="Esposito2003" /> They are also called Sunni Sufis.{{fact|date=May 2024}} The movement defines itself as the most authentic representative of what is known as Sunnī Islam and thus adopts the generic moniker, Ahl-i-Sunnat wa-al-Jamāʿat (The people who adhere to the Prophetic Tradition and preserve the unity of the community).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0288.xml |title=The Barelvī School of Thought}}</ref>