Editing Sulawesi (section)

==Flora and fauna==
{{see also|Sulawesi lowland rain forests|Sulawesi montane rain forests}}
[[File:Rainbow Eucalyptus Maui.jpg|thumb|The colorful bark of ''[[Eucalyptus deglupta]]'']]
Sulawesi is part of [[Wallacea]], meaning that it has a mix of both [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] species that reached the island by [[Oceanic dispersal|crossing deep-water oceanic barriers]].<ref name="Hall1998">{{cite book|editor1=Hall, R.|editor2=Holloway, J. D.|author1= Moss, S. J.|author2= Wilson, M. E. J.| title=Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_4TAQAAIAAJ|chapter= Biogeographic implications of the Tertiary palaeogeographic evolution of Sulawesi and Borneo|chapter-url= http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/searg_uploads/2016/01/Moss_Wilson.pdf|pages= 133–163|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Backhuys|isbn=978-90-73348-97-4}}</ref><ref name = "WWF">{{cite web |url= https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/aa0123 |title= Indonesia: Island of Sulawesi |last= Morrison |first= J. |date= 2002 |website= [[World Wildlife Fund]] |access-date= 2018-05-05}}</ref> The flora includes one native eucalypt, ''[[Eucalyptus deglupta|E. deglupta]]''. There are 8 [[List of national parks of Indonesia#Sulawesi|national parks]] on the island, of which 4 are mostly [[marine park|marine]]. The parks with the largest terrestrial area are [[Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park|Bogani Nani Wartabone]] with 2,871&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and [[Lore Lindu National Park]] with 2,290&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. [[Bunaken National Park]], which protects a rich coral ecosystem, has been proposed as a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]. The coast of northern tip of Sulawesi is identified as a site of highest marine biodiversity importance in the [[Coral Triangle]].<ref name="Asaad18">{{cite journal |last1= Asaad |first1= Irawan |last2= Lundquist |first2= Carolyn J. |last3= Erdmann |first3= Mark V. |last4= Costello |first4= Mark J. |title= Delineating priority areas for marine biodiversity conservation in the Coral Triangle  |journal= Biological Conservation |date= June 2018|volume=222 |issue=2 |pages=198–211|doi= 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.037|bibcode= 2018BCons.222..198A |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320717310200 }}</ref>
===Mammals===
Early in the Pleistocene, Sulawesi had a [[dwarf elephant]] and a [[insular dwarfism|dwarf]] form of ''[[Stegodon]]'', (an elephant relative, ''S. sompoensis'');<ref name="Corlett2010" /> later both were replaced by larger forms.<ref name = "Aziz2000">{{cite journal| last= Aziz | first= F. | title= The Pleistocene Endemic Fauna of the Indonesian Archipelago | journal= Tropics | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 135–143 | date= 2000-05-30 | url= https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tropics/10/1/10_1_135/_pdf | access-date = 2018-05-04| doi= 10.3759/tropics.10.135 | doi-access= free }}</ref><ref name="Morwood2016" /> A giant [[Suidae|suid]], ''[[Celebochoerus]]'', was also formerly present.<ref name="Metcalfe2001">{{cite book|editor1=Metcalfe, I.|editor2=Smith, J. M.B.|editor3=Morwood, M.|editor4= Davidson, I.|author= Groves C.|author-link= Colin Groves|title= Faunal and Floral Migration and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Fp-l8IEAFHQC|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Fp-l8IEAFHQC&pg=PA333|chapter= Mammals in Sulawesi: Where did they come from and when, and what happened to them when they got there?|pages= 333–342|date=1 June 2001|publisher=CRC Press|isbn= 978-90-5809-349-3}}</ref> It is thought that many of the migrants to Sulawesi arrived via the [[Philippines]], while Sulawesi in turn served as a way station for migrants to [[Flores]].<ref>Morwood & van Oosterzee (2016), [https://books.google.com/books?id=yRCmDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 p. 147]</ref> A Pleistocene faunal turnover is recognized, with the competitive displacement of several indigenous tarsiers by more recently arriving ones and of ''[[Celebochoerus]]'' by other medium-sized herbivores like the [[babirusa]], [[anoa]] and [[Celebes warty pig]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Frantz | first1 = Laurent A. F. | last2 = Rudzinski | first2 = Anna | last3 = Mansyursyah Surya Nugraha | first3 = Abang | last4 = Evin | first4 = Allowen | last5 = Burton | first5 = James | last6 = Hulme-Beaman | first6 = Ardern | last7 = Linderholm | first7 = Anna | last8 = Barnett | first8 = Ross | last9 = Vega | first9 = Rodrigo | last10 = Irving-Pease | first10 = Evan K. | last11 = Haile | first11 = James | last12 = Allen | first12 = Richard | last13 = Leus | first13 = Kristin | last14 = Shephard | first14 = Jill | last15 = Hillyer | first15 = Mia | last16 = Gillemot | first16 = Sarah | last17 = van den Hurk | first17 = Jeroen | last18 = Ogle | first18 = Sharron | last19 = Atofanei | first19 = Cristina | last20 = Thomas | first20 = Mark G. | last21 = Johansson | first21 = Friederike | last22 = Haris Mustari | first22 = Abdul | last23 = Williams | first23 = John | last24 = Mohamad | first24 = Kusdiantoro | last25 = Siska Damayanti | first25 = Chandramaya | last26 = Djuwita Wiryadi | first26 = Ita | last27 = Obbles | first27 = Dagmar | last28 = Mona | first28 = Stephano | last29 = Day | first29 = Hally | last30 = Yasin | first30 = Muhammad | last31 = Meker | first31 = Stefan | last32 = McGuire | first32 = Jimmy A. | last33 = Evans | first33 = Ben J. | last34 = von Rintelen | first34 = Thomas | last35 = Ho | first35 = Simon Y. W. | last36 = Searle | first36 = Jeremy B. | last37 = Kitchener | first37 = Andrew C. | last38 = Macdonald | first38 = Alastair A. | last39 = Shaw | first39 = Darren J. | last40 = Hall | first40 = Robert | last41 = Galbusera | first41 = Peter | last42 = Larson | first42 = Greger | year = 2018| title = Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1876| page = 20172566 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2566 | pmid = 29643207 | pmc = 5904307 }}</ref>
[[File:Hirscheber1a.jpg|thumb|The [[north Sulawesi babirusa]] is endemic to Sulawesi.]]

There are 127 known extant native mammalian species in Sulawesi. A large percentage, 62% (79 species) are [[Endemism|endemic]], meaning that they are found nowhere else in the world. The largest of these are the two species of [[anoa]] or dwarf buffalo. Other artiodactyl species inhabiting Sulawesi are the [[Celebes warty pig|warty pig]] and the [[babirusas]], which are aberrant pigs. The only native [[carnivora]]n is the [[Sulawesi palm civet]]<ref name="Metcalfe2001" /> ([[Asian palm civet|Asian palm]] and [[Malayan civet|Malayan]] civets have been introduced<ref name= "Macrogalidia_iucn">{{Cite iucn | author = Tasirin, J. | author2 = Dinets, V. | author3 = Meijaard, E. | author4 = Brodie, J. | author5 = Nijman, V. | author6 = Loffeld, T.A.C. | author7 = Hilser, H. | author8 = Shepherd, C. | author9 = Seymour, A.S. | author10 = Duckworth, J.W. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Macrogalidia musschenbroekii'' | volume = 2015 | page = e.T12592A45198901 | date = 2015 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12592A45198901.en | access-date = 5 May 2018}}</ref>). Primates present include a number of [[nocturnal]] [[tarsier]]s (''[[Tarsius fuscus|T. fuscus]]'', [[Dian's tarsier|Dian's]], [[Gursky's spectral tarsier|Gursky's]], [[Jatna's tarsier|Jatna's]], [[Wallace's tarsier|Wallace's]], the [[Lariang tarsier|Lariang]] and [[pygmy tarsier|pygmy]] tarsiers) as well as [[Diurnality|diurnal]] [[macaque]]s ([[Heck's macaque|Heck's]], the [[booted macaque|booted]], [[Celebes crested macaque|crested black]], [[Gorontalo macaque|Gorontalo]], [[moor macaque|moor]], and [[Tonkean macaque|Tonkean]] macaques). While most of Sulawesi's mammals are [[Eutheria|placental]] and have Asian relatives, several species of [[cuscus]], arboreal [[marsupials]] of Australasian origin, are also present (''[[Ailurops ursinus]]'' and ''[[Strigocuscus celebensis]]'', which are diurnal and nocturnal, respectively).

Sulawesi is home to a large number of endemic [[rodent]] genera. [[Muridae|Murid]] rodent genera endemic to Sulawesi and immediately adjacent islands (such as the [[Togian Islands]], [[Buton|Buton Island]], and [[Muna Island]]) are ''[[Bunomys]]'', ''[[Echiothrix]]'', ''[[Margaretamys]]'', ''[[Taeromys]]'' and ''[[Tateomys]]'' as well as the single-species genera ''[[Eropeplus]]'', ''[[Hyorhinomys]]'', ''[[Melasmothrix]]'', ''[[Paucidentomys]]'', ''[[Paruromys]]'', ''[[Sommeromys]]'' and the [[semiaquatic]] ''[[Waiomys]]''. All nine [[Sciuridae|sciurid]]s are from three endemic genera, ''[[Hyosciurus]]'', ''[[Prosciurillus]]'' and ''[[Rubrisciurus]]''.

While over 20 bat species are present on Sulawesi, only a portion of these are endemic: ''[[Rhinolophus]] [[Rhinolophus tatar|tatar]]'', ''[[Scotophilus celebensis]]'' and the [[megabat]]s ''[[Acerodon celebensis]]'', ''[[Boneia bidens]]'', ''[[Dobsonia exoleta]]'', ''[[Harpyionycteris celebensis]]'', ''[[Neopteryx frosti]]'', ''[[Rousettus celebensis]]'' and ''[[Styloctenium wallacei]]''.

Several endemic shrews, the [[Sulawesi shrew]], [[Sulawesi tiny shrew]] and the [[Sulawesi white-handed shrew]], are found on the island.

Sulawesi has no [[gliding mammal]]s, being situated between Borneo with its [[Sunda flying lemur|colugo]]s and [[flying squirrel]]s, and Halmahera with its [[sugar glider]]s.

===Birds===
[[File:Trichoglossus ornatus -Nahsville Zoo-8a-4c.jpg|thumb|The endemic [[ornate lorikeet]] ]]
By contrast, Sulawesian bird species tend to be found on other nearby islands as well, such as [[Borneo]]; 31% of Sulawesi's birds are found nowhere else. One endemic (also found on small neighboring islands) is the largely ground-dwelling, chicken-sized [[maleo]], a [[megapode]] which sometimes uses hot sand close to the island's volcanic vents to incubate its eggs. An international partnership of conservationists, donors, and local people have formed the Alliance for Tompotika Conservation,<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Maleo |url=https://www.tompotika.org/maleo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208064043/https://www.tompotika.org/maleo/ |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.tompotika.org |publisher=Alliance for Tompotika Conservation}}</ref> in an effort to raise awareness and protect the nesting grounds of these birds on the central-eastern arm of the island. Other endemic birds include the flightless [[snoring rail]], the [[fiery-browed starling]], the [[Sulawesi masked owl]], the [[Sulawesi myna]], the [[satanic nightjar]] and the [[grosbeak starling]]. There are around 350 known bird species in Sulawesi.

===Reptiles===
The larger reptiles of Sulawesi are not endemic and include [[reticulated python|reticulated]] and [[Burmese python|Burmese]] pythons, the [[Pacific ground boa]], [[king cobra]]s, [[water monitor]]s, [[Hydrosaurus amboinensis|sailfin lizard]]s,<ref name="Whitten2012">{{cite book|author1=Whitten, T.|author2=Henderson, G. S.|title=Ecology of Sulawesi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q__PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496|date=19 June 2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1462905072|pages=496–499}}</ref> [[saltwater crocodile]]s<ref name="Whitten2012" /><ref name = "Sideleau2016">{{cite web |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301894377 |title= Recent Records of Crocodiles on the Island of Sulawesi, Indonesia |last= Sideleau |first= B. M. |date= April 2016 |access-date= 2018-05-05}}</ref> and [[green sea turtle]]s. An extinct giant [[tortoise]], ''[[Megalochelys atlas]]'', was formerly present, but disappeared by 840,000 years ago, possibly because of the arrival of [[Homo erectus]].<ref name="Corlett2010">{{cite book|editor1=Haberle, S. G.|editor2=Stevenson, J.|editor3=Prebble, M.|author= Corlett, R. T.|series= Terra Australis|volume= 32|url= http://press.anu.edu.au?p=18701|chapter-url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265605015|title= Altered Ecologies: Fire, Climate and Human Influence on Terrestrial Landscapes |chapter= Megafaunal extinctions and their consequences in the tropical Indo-Pacific |pages= 117–132 (see p. 122)|date= November 2010|publisher= ANU Press|isbn= 978-1921666803|doi=10.22459/TA32.11.2010 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Morwood2016">{{cite book|author1= Morwood, M.|author2=van Oosterzee, P.|title=A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the "Hobbits" of Flores, Indonesia, Updated Paperback Edition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yRCmDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA146|date=5 December 2016|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1315435633|page=146}}</ref> Similarly, [[komodo dragon]]s or similar lizards appear to have inhabited the island, being among its [[apex predator]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hocknull | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Piper | first2 = P. J. | last3 = van den Bergh | first3 = G. D. | last4 = Due | first4 = R. A. | last5 = Morwood | first5 = M. J. | last6 = Kurniawan | first6 = I. | year = 2009 | title = Dragon's paradise lost: palaeobiogeography, evolution and extinction of the largest-ever terrestrial lizards (Varanidae) | journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 4 | issue = 9| page = e7241 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0007241 | pmid = 19789642 | pmc = 2748693 | bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.7241H | doi-access = free }}</ref> The smaller snakes of Sulawesi include nonendemic forms such as the gliding species ''[[Chrysopelea paradisi]]'' and endemic forms such as ''[[Calamaria]] [[Calamaria boesemani|boesemani]]'', ''[[Calamaria muelleri]]'', ''[[Calamaria nuchalis]]'', ''[[Cyclotyphlops]]'', ''[[Enhydris]] [[Enhydris matannensis|matannensis]]'', ''[[Ptyas]] [[Ptyas dipsas|dipsas]]'', ''[[Rabdion grovesi]]'', ''[[Tropidolaemus laticinctus]]'' and ''[[Typhlops conradi]]''. Similarly, the smaller lizards of Sulawesi include nonendemic species such as ''[[Bronchocela jubata]]'', ''[[Dibamus novaeguineae]]'' and ''[[Gekko smithii]]'', as well as endemic species such as ''[[Lipinia]] [[Lipinia infralineolata|infralineolata]]'' and ''[[Gekko iskandari]]''.

Sulawesi also harbours several species of freshwater chelonians, two of which are endemic. They include the [[Forsten's tortoise]] and the [[Sulawesi forest turtle]], both of which likely attribute their respective origins to the dispersal of the mainland Asian [[elongated tortoise]] and [[Malayan flat-shelled turtle]] from the then-exposed subcontinent of [[Sundaland]] during the [[Pleistocene epoch]].

The remaining two species consist of the non-endemic [[Malayan box turtle]] of the Wallacean subspecies, and the [[Asiatic softshell turtle]].

===Amphibians===
The amphibians of Sulawesi include the endemic frogs ''[[Hylarana celebensis]]'', ''[[Hylarana macrops|H. macrops]]'', ''[[Hylarana mocquardi|H. mocquardi]]'', ''[[Ingerophrynus celebensis]]'', ''[[Limnonectes arathooni]]'', ''[[Limnonectes larvaepartus|L. larvaepartus]]'', ''[[Limnonectes microtympanum|L. microtympanum]]'', ''[[Occidozyga celebensis]]'', ''[[Occidozyga semipalmata|O. semipalmata]]'' and ''[[Occidozyga tompotika|O. tompotika]]'' as well as the endemic "[[flying frog]]s" ''[[Rhacophorus edentulus]]'' and ''[[Rhacophorus georgii|R. georgii]]''.

===Freshwater fish===
[[File:Nomorhamphus liemi liemi (Wroclaw zoo)-2.JPG|thumb|15 species of [[viviparous halfbeak]]s are endemic to Sulawesi, including 12 ''[[Nomorhamphus]]'' (depicted), ''[[Dermogenys orientalis]]'', ''[[Dermogenys vogti|D. vogti]]'', and ''[[Tondanichthys kottelati]]''.<ref name=SysNomorhamphus/><ref name=FishBaseNomorhamphus/><ref>{{FishBase|Tondanichthys|kottelati|year=2014}}</ref>]]

Sulawesi is home to more than 70 [[freshwater fish]] species,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nguyen | first1 = T.T.T. | last2 = De Silva | first2 = S. S. | s2cid = 26861313 | year = 2006 | title = Freshwater finfish biodiversity and conservation: an asian perspective. | journal = Biodiversity & Conservation | volume = 15 | issue = 11| pages = 3543–3568 | doi = 10.1007/s10531-005-0312-8 | bibcode = 2006BiCon..15.3543N }}</ref> including more than 55 endemics.<ref name=Parenti2011>Parenti, L.R. (2011). [https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/18561 Endemism and Conservation of the Native Freshwater Fish Fauna of Sulawesi, Indonesia]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ikan IV: 1–10.</ref> Among these are the genus ''[[Nomorhamphus]]'', a [[species flock]] of [[viviparous halfbeak]]s containing 12 species that only are found on Sulawesi (others are from the Philippines).<ref name=SysNomorhamphus>''[http://www.nmnh.si.edu/rtp/students/1993/students_1993_louie.htm The Systematic Review of the Fish Genus Nomorhamphus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921143154/http://www.nmnh.si.edu/rtp/students/1993/students_1993_louie.htm |date=21 September 2006 }}'' – Louie, Kristina, research paper, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, 1993</ref><ref name=FishBaseNomorhamphus>{{FishBase genus | genus = Nomorhamphus| month = July | year = 2014}}</ref> In addition to ''Nomorhamphus'', the majority of Sulawesi's freshwater fish species are [[ricefish]]es, gobies (''[[Glossogobius]]'' and ''[[Mugilogobius]]'') and [[Telmatherinidae|Telmatherinid]] sail-fin silversides.<ref name=Parenti2011/> The last family is almost entirely restricted to Sulawesi, especially the Malili Lake system, consisting of [[Lake Matano|Matano]] and [[Lake Towuti|Towuti]], and the small [[Lake Lontoa|Lontoa]] (Wawantoa), [[Lake Mahalona|Mahalona]] and [[Lake Masapi|Masapi]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gray | first1 = S.M. | last2 = McKinnon | first2 = J.S. | s2cid = 8672171 | year = 2006 | title = A comparative description of mating behavior in the endemic telmatherinid fishes of Sulawesi's Malili Lakes | journal = Environmental Biology of Fishes | volume = 75 | issue = 4| pages = 471–482 | doi = 10.1007/s10641-006-0037-x | bibcode = 2006EnvBF..75..471G }}</ref> Another unusual endemic is ''[[Lagusia micracanthus]]'' from rivers in [[South Sulawesi]], which is the sole member of its genus and among the smallest [[Terapontidae|grunters]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vari | first1 = P.R. | last2 = Hadiaty | first2 = K.R. | year = 2012 | title = The Endemic Sulawesi Fish Genus Lagusia (Teleostrei:: Terapontidae) | url = http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/60/60rbz157-162.pdf | journal = The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 157–162 | access-date = 4 July 2014 | archive-date = 15 July 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002033/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/60/60rbz157-162.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[Eleotridae|gudgeon]] ''[[Bostrychus microphthalmus]]'' from the [[Maros Regency|Maros]] Karst is the only described species of [[Cavefish|cave-adapted fish]] from Sulawesi,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hoese | first1 = D.F. | last2 = Kottelat | first2 = M. | year = 2005 | title = Bostrychus microphthalmus, a new microphthalmic cavefish from Sulawesi (Teleostei: Gobiidae) | journal = Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters | volume = 16 | issue = 2| pages = 183–191 }}</ref> but an apparently [[undescribed species]] from the same region and genus also exists.<ref>Saturi, O.S. (31 May 2012). ''[http://www.mongabay.co.id/2012/05/31/ikan-kepiting-dan-udang-buta-penghuni-karst-maros/ Ikan, Kepiting dan Udang Buta Penghuni Karst Maros].'' Mongabay-Indonesia. Retrieved 23 November 2012.</ref>

===Freshwater crustaceans and snails===
[[File:Orange delight shrimp sulawesi.jpg|thumb|right|Orange delight shrimp (''[[Caridina loehae]]'') from Sulawesi.]]
Many species of ''[[Caridina]]'' freshwater shrimp and [[Parathelphusidae|parathelphusid]] freshwater crabs (''[[Migmathelphusa]]'', ''[[Nautilothelphusa]]'', ''[[Parathelphusa]]'', ''[[Sundathelphusa]]'' and ''[[Syntripsa]]'') are endemic to Sulawesi.<ref name=shrimp>von Rintelen, K., and Y. Cai (2009). ''Radiation of endemic species flocks in ancient lakes: systematic revision of the freshwater shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from the ancient lakes of Sulawesi, Indonesia, with the description of eight new species.'' Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57: 343–452.</ref><ref name=crab>Chia, O.C.K. and P.K.L. Ng (2006). ''The freshwater crabs of Sulawesi, with descriptions of two new genera and four new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae).'' Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 54: 381–428.</ref> Several of these species have become very popular in the aquarium hobby, and since most are restricted to a single lake system, they are potentially vulnerable to [[habitat loss]] and [[overexploitation]].<ref name=shrimp/><ref name=crab/> There are also several endemic cave-adapted shrimp and crabs, especially in the Maros Karst. This includes ''[[Cancrocaeca xenomorpha]]'', which has been called the "most highly [[Troglobite|cave-adapted]] species of crab known in the world".<ref>Deharveng, L. , D. Guinot and P.K.L. Ng (2012). ''[http://www.arcbc.org.ph/arcbcweb/pdf/vol2no2/focus_false_spider_cave_crab.pdf False spider cave crab, (Cancrocaeca xenomorpha)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515170009/http://www.arcbc.org.ph/arcbcweb/pdf/vol2no2/focus_false_spider_cave_crab.pdf |date=15 May 2013 }}.'' ASEAN Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation. Retrieved 13 November 2012.</ref>

The genus ''[[Tylomelania]]'' of [[freshwater snail]]s is also endemic to Sulawesi, with the majority of the species restricted to [[Lake Poso]] and the Malili Lake system.<ref>von Rintelen , T., K. von Rintelen, and M. Glaubrecht (2010). ''The species flock of the viviparous freshwater gastropod Tylomelania (Mollusca: Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) in the ancient lakes of Sulawesi, Indonesia: the role of geography, trophic morphology and color as driving forces in adaptive radiation.'' pp. 485–512 in: Glaubrecht, M., and H. Schneider, eds. (2010). Evolution in Action: Adaptive Radiations and the Origins of Biodiversity. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.</ref>

===Insects===
The ''[[Trigonopterus selayarensis]]'' is a flightless [[weevil]] endemic to Sulawesi.<ref>{{cite journal |title=One hundred and three new species of Trigonopterus weevils from Sulawesi |author1=Alexander Riedel |author2=Raden Pramesa Narakusumo |journal=ZooKeys |date=7 March 2019 |issue=828 |pages=1–153 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.828.32200 |pmid=30940991 |pmc=6418079 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019ZooK..828....1R }}</ref>

===Miscellaneous===
The [[Indonesian coelacanth]] and the [[mimic octopus]] are present in the waters off Sulawesi's coast.

===Conservation===
Sulawesi island was recently the subject of an Ecoregional Conservation Assessment, coordinated by [[The Nature Conservancy]].  Detailed reports about the vegetation of the island are available.<ref>''[http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/cannon/vegetation_of_sulawesi.htm The Vegetation of Sulawesi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222012256/http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/cannon/vegetation_of_sulawesi.htm |date=22 December 2007 }}'' – Reports from the Nature Conservancy's Indonesian Program and Texas Tech University, Department of Biological Sciences; 2004</ref> The assessment produced a detailed and annotated list of 'conservation portfolio' sites. This information was widely distributed to local government agencies and nongovernmental organizations. Detailed conservation priorities have also been outlined in a recent publication.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00323.x|title = Developing Conservation Priorities Based on Forest Type, Condition, and Threats in a Poorly Known Ecoregion: Sulawesi, Indonesia|year = 2007|last1 = Cannon|first1 = Charles H.|last2 = Summers|first2 = Marcy|last3 = Harting|first3 = John R.|last4 = Kessler|first4 = Paul J.A.|journal = Biotropica|volume = 39|issue = 6|pages = 747–759| bibcode=2007Biotr..39..747C | s2cid=55274207 }}</ref>

The lowland forests on the island have mostly been removed.<ref>"[http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0628-sulawesi.html Rare and mysterious forests of Sulawesi 80% gone]" – mongabay.com</ref> Because of the relative geological youth of the island and its dramatic and sharp topography, the lowland areas are naturally limited in their extent.  The past decade has seen dramatic conversion of this rare and endangered habitat.  The island also possesses one of the largest outcrops of [[serpentine soil]] in the world, which support an unusual and large community of specialized plant species.  Overall, the flora and fauna of this unique center of global biodiversity is very poorly documented and understood and remains critically threatened.

The islands of Pepaya, Mas, and Raja islands, located in Sumalata Village – [[North Gorontalo Regency]] (about 30&nbsp;km from [[Saronde Island]]), have been named a nature reserve since the Dutch colonial time in 1936. Four of the only seven species of [[sea turtle]]s can be found in the islands, the world's best turtle habitat. They include penyu hijau (''[[Green sea turtle|Chelonia midas]]''), penyu sisik (''[[Hawksbill sea turtle|Eretmochelys imbricata]]''), penyu tempayan (''[[Caretta caretta]]'') and penyu belimbing (''[[Dermochelys coriacea]]''). In 2011, the habitat was threatened by human activities such as illegal poaching and fish bombing activities; furthermore, many coral reefs, which represent a source of food for turtles, have been damaged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/72396/worlds-best-turtle-habitat-in-gorontalo-threatened|title=World's best turtle habitat in Gorontalo threatened|date=7 June 2011 }}</ref>