Editing Stuart Restoration (section)

==End of the Restoration==
{{Main|Glorious Revolution}}
[[File:William III Landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688.jpg|thumb|Equestrian portrait of [[William III of England|William III]] by [[Jan Wyck]], commemorating the start of the [[Glorious Revolution]] in 1688]]
The Restoration was ended by the Glorious Revolution, which overthrew King James II of England, propelled by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder [[William III of England|William III of Orange-Nassau]] (William of Orange).  William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his accession to the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, James's daughter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=John |title=The Glorious Revolution |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

In April 1688, James reissued the ''[[Declaration of Indulgence (1687)|Declaration of Indulgence]]'' and ordered all Anglican clergymen to read it to their congregations.  When seven bishops, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, submitted a petition requesting the reconsideration of the King's religious policies, they were arrested and tried for seditious libel.  On 30 June 1688, a group of seven Protestant nobles invited the [[William III of England|Prince of Orange]] to come to England with an army. By September it became clear that William would invade England.<ref name="online">{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Tim |date=2008 |title=James II, the Glorious Revolution, and the destiny of Britain |journal=Historical Journal |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=763–775 |jstor=20175194}}</ref>

When William arrived on 5 November 1688, James lost his nerve, declined to attack the invading Dutch and tried to flee to France.  He was captured in Kent. Later, he was released and placed under Dutch protective guard.  Having no desire to make James a martyr, William, Prince of Orange, let him escape on 23 December.  James was received in France by his cousin and ally, [[Louis XIV]], who offered him a palace and a pension.<ref name="online"/>

William convened a [[Convention Parliament (1689)|Convention Parliament]] to decide how to handle the situation.  While the Parliament refused to depose James, they declared that James, having fled to France had effectively abdicated the throne, and that the throne was vacant.  To fill this vacancy, James's daughter Mary was declared Queen; she was to rule jointly with her husband William, Prince of Orange, who would be king.  The English Parliament passed the [[Bill of Rights of 1689]] that denounced James for abusing his power.<ref name="Steven C. A 2005">{{Cite book |last=Pincus |first=Steven C. A. |title=England's Glorious Revolution 1688–1689: A Brief History with Documents |date=2005}}</ref>

The abuses charged to James included the suspension of the [[Test Acts]] after having sworn as king to uphold the supremacy of the Church of England,{{Sfn|Wakeling|1896|p=91}} the prosecution of the [[Seven Bishops]] for merely petitioning the crown, the establishment of a standing army, and the imposition of cruel punishments.  The bill also declared that henceforth no Roman Catholic was permitted to ascend the English throne, nor could any English monarch marry a Roman Catholic.<ref name="Steven C. A 2005"/>