Editing Steve Biko (section)

==Legacy==
===Influence===
[[File:SteveBiko DaanWildschut.jpg|thumb|upright|Steve Biko on a stained glass window in the Saint Anna Church in [[Heerlen]], the Netherlands]]
Biko is viewed as the "father" of the Black Consciousness Movement and the anti-apartheid movement's first icon.{{sfnm|1a1=Ahluwalia|1a2=Zegeye|1y=2001|1p=460|2a1=Hill|2y=2015|2p=xiii}}{{sfn|Lynskey|2013}} [[Nelson Mandela]] called him "the spark that lit a veld fire across South Africa",{{sfn|Mandela|2014|p=7}} adding that the Nationalist government "had to kill him to prolong the life of apartheid".{{sfn|Mandela|2014|p=8}} Opening an anthology of his work in 2008, [[Manning Marable]] and [[Peniel Joseph]] wrote that his death had "created a vivid symbol of black resistance" to apartheid that "continues to inspire new black activists" over a decade after the transition to majority rule.{{sfn|Marable|Joseph|2008|p=x}} Johann de Wet, a professor of [[communication studies]], described him as "one of South Africa's most gifted political strategists and communicators".{{sfn|de Wet|2013|p=293}} In 2004 he was elected 13th in [[SABC 3]]'s [[Great South Africans]] public poll.<ref name=bizcommunity.com />

Although Biko's ideas have not received the same attention as Frantz Fanon's,{{sfn|Ahluwalia|Zegeye|2001|p=455}} in 2001 Ahluwalia and Zegeye wrote that the men shared "a highly similar pedigree in their interests in the philosophical psychology of consciousness, their desire for a decolonising of the mind, the liberation of Africa and in the politics of nationalism and socialism for the 'wretched of the earth{{'"}}.{{sfn|Ahluwalia|Zegeye|2001|p=455}} Some academics argue that Biko's thought remains relevant; for example, in ''[[African Identities]]'' in 2015, Isaac Kamola wrote that Biko's critique of white liberalism was relevant to situations like the [[United Nations]]' [[Millennium Development Goals]] and [[Invisible Children, Inc.]]'s ''[[Kony 2012|KONY 2012]]'' campaign.{{sfn|Kamola|2015|p=63}}

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=left|quote=Though internationally Steve Biko became a symbol of apartheid abuse in the years following his death, for the [Black Consciousness]-minded (wherever they live) he has always been remembered for the life he led and the ethos he inspired among millions. And for his family and friends, he was much more: a husband, a father, a son, a brother, a confidant, a self-described freedom fighter.|source=Shannen L. Hill{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=85}} }}

Woods held the view that Biko had filled the vacuum within the country's African nationalist movement that arose in the late 1960s following the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela and the banning of Sobukwe.{{sfn|Woods|1978|p=30}} Following Biko's death, the Black Consciousness Movement declined in influence as the ANC emerged as a resurgent force in anti-apartheid politics.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=287}} This brought about a shift in focus from the BCM's community organising to wider mass mobilisation, including attempts to follow Tambo's call to make South Africa "ungovernable", which involved increasing violence and clashes between rival anti-apartheid groups.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|pp=288–289}}

Followers of Biko's ideas re-organised as the [[Azanian People's Organisation]] (AZAPO), which subsequently split into the [[Socialist Party of Azania]] and the [[Black People's Convention]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mangcu|1y=2014|1pp=266, 296|2a1=Hill|2y=2015|2p=193}} Several figures associated with the ANC denigrated Biko during the 1980s.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=289}} For instance, members of the ANC-affiliated [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)|United Democratic Front]] assembled outside Biko's Ginsberg home shouting ''U-Steve Biko, I-CIA!'', an allegation that Biko was a spy for the United States' [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA). These demonstrations resulted in clashes with Biko supporters from AZAPO.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=295}}

A year after Biko's death, his "Frank Talk" writings were published as an edited collection, ''[[I Write What I Like]]''.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|pp=177–178}} The defence that Biko provided for arrested SASO activists was used as the basis for the 1978 book ''The Testimony of Steve Biko'', edited by Millard Arnold.{{sfn|Macqueen|2014|p=520}} Woods fled to England that year, where he campaigned against apartheid and further publicised Biko's life and death, writing many newspaper articles about him, as well as a book, ''Biko'' (1978). This was made into the 1987 film ''[[Cry Freedom]]'' by [[Richard Attenborough]],{{sfn|Blandy|2007}} starring [[Denzel Washington]] as Biko.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=160}} Many film critics and Black Consciousness proponents were concerned that the film foregrounded white characters like Woods over Biko himself,{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=160}} but ''Cry Freedom'' brought Biko's life and activism to a wider audience.{{sfn|Silove|1990|p=417}} The state censors initially permitted its release in South Africa, but after it began screening in the country's cinemas, copies were confiscated by police on the order of Police Commissioner General Hendrik de Wit, who claimed that it would inflame tensions and endanger public safety.{{sfn|Hill|2015|pp=158–159}} The South African government banned many books about Biko, including those of Arnold and Woods.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=151}}

===Commemoration===
[[File:StevenBantuBiko'sGrave.jpg|thumb|upright|Biko's grave in [[Ginsberg, Eastern Cape|Ginsberg]] cemetery, King William's Town|alt=A grave and headstone. The structure is made from a shiny grey rock, and lacks ornamentation. Three flowers encased in circular glass baubles sit on top of it.]]

Biko was commemorated in several artworks after his death.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=87}} [[Gerard Sekoto]], a South African artist based in France, produced ''Homage to Steve Biko'' in 1978,{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=162}} and another South African artist, [[Peter Stopforth]], included a work entitled ''The Interrogators'' in his 1979 exhibition. A triptych, it depicted the three police officers implicated in Biko's death.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=92}} Kenya released a commemorative [[postage stamp]] featuring Biko's face.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=84}}

Biko's death also inspired several songs, including from artists outside South Africa such as [[Tom Paxton]] and [[Peter Hammill]].{{sfn|Lynskey|2013}} The English singer-songwriter [[Peter Gabriel]] released "[[Biko (song)|Biko]]" in tribute to him, which was a hit single in 1980,{{sfn|Lynskey|2012}} and was banned in South Africa soon after.{{sfn|Drewett|2007}} Along with other [[Music in the movement against apartheid|anti-apartheid music]], the song helped to integrate anti-apartheid themes into Western popular culture.{{sfn|Lynskey|2013}}{{sfn|Drewett|2007}}{{sfn|Schumann|2008|pp=17–39}} Biko's life was also commemorated through theatre. The inquest into his death was dramatised as a play, ''The Biko Inquest'', first performed in London in 1978; a 1984 performance was directed by [[Albert Finney]] and broadcast on television.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=84}} Anti-apartheid activists used Biko's name and memory in their protests; in 1979, a mountaineer climbed the spire of [[Grace Cathedral, San Francisco|Grace Cathedral]] in San Francisco to unfurl a banner with the names of Biko and imprisoned [[Black Panther Party]] leader [[Geronimo Pratt]] on it.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=85}}

Following apartheid's collapse, Woods raised funds to commission a bronze statue of Biko from [[Naomi Jacobson]]. It was erected outside the front door of city hall in [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]] on the Eastern cape, opposite a statue commemorating British soldiers killed in the [[Second Boer War]].{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=242}} Over 10,000 people attended the monument's unveiling in September 1997.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=244}} In the following months it was vandalised several times; in one instance it was daubed with the letters "AWB", an acronym of the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]], a far-right Afrikaner paramilitary group.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=246}} In 1997, the cemetery where Biko was buried was renamed the Steve Biko Garden of Remembrance.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=30}}<ref name="sa-venues.com" /> The [[District Six Museum]] also held an exhibition of artwork marking the 20th anniversary of his death by examining his legacy.{{sfn|Hill|2015|pp=247–248}}

Also in September 1997, Biko's family established the [[Steve Biko Foundation]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mangcu|1y=2014|1pp=312–313|2a1=Hill|2y=2015|2p=244}} The [[Ford Foundation]] donated money to the group to establish a Steve Biko Centre in Ginsberg,{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|pp=312–313}} opened in 2012.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=275}} The Foundation launched its annual Steve Biko Memorial Lecture in 2000, each given by a prominent black intellectual.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|pp=316–317}} The first speaker was [[Njabulo Ndebele]]; later speakers included [[Zakes Mda]], [[Chinua Achebe]], [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], and Mandela.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|pp=317, 318, 320, 322}}

Buildings, institutes and public spaces around the world have been named after Biko, such as the Steve Bikoplein in [[Amsterdam]].{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=84}} In 2008, the Pretoria Academic Hospital was renamed the [[Steve Biko Hospital]].<ref name=sbah.org.za /> The [[University of the Witwatersrand]] has a Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics.{{sfn|Bucher|2012|p=276}} In [[Salvador, Bahia]], a Steve Biko Institute was established to promote educational attainment among poor [[Afro-Brazilians]].{{sfn|de Wet|2013|p=301}}{{sfn|Martins|2005}} In 2012, the [[Google Cultural Institute]] published an online archive containing documents and photographs owned by the Steve Biko Foundation.<ref name=BBCGoogleArchive /> On 18 December 2016, [[Google]] marked what would have been Biko's 70th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].{{sfn|Zulu|2016}}

Amid the dismantling of apartheid in the early 1990s, various political parties competed over Biko's legacy, with several saying they were the party that Biko would support if he were still alive.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=201}} AZAPO in particular claimed exclusive ownership over Black Consciousness.{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=201}} In 1994, the ANC issued a campaign poster suggesting that Biko had been a member of their party, which was untrue.{{sfn|Hill|2015|pp=202–203}} Following the end of apartheid when the ANC formed the government, they were accused of appropriating his legacy. In 2002, AZAPO issued a statement declaring that "Biko was not a neutral, apolitical and mythical icon" and that the ANC was "scandalously" using Biko's image to legitimise their "weak" government.{{sfn|Somerville|2002}} Members of the ANC have also criticised AZAPO's attitude to Biko; in 1997, Mandela said that "Biko belongs to us all, not just AZAPO."{{sfn|Hill|2015|p=244}} On the anniversary of Biko's death in 2015, delegations from both the ANC and the [[Economic Freedom Fighters]] independently visited his grave.{{sfn|Ngcukana|2015}} In March 2017, the South African President [[Jacob Zuma]] laid a wreath at Biko's grave to mark [[Human Rights Day]].{{sfn|Ngcobo|2017}}