Editing Steroid (section)

=== <span class="anchor" id="Regulation">Steroidogenesis</span> ===
<!-- Diagram illustrating a metabolic pathway and important for the understanding of the section, therefore prominently placed -->
[[File:Steroidogenesis.svg|thumb|300px|alt=Chemical-diagram flow chart|class=skin-invert-image|Human steroidogenesis, with the major classes of steroid hormones, individual steroids and [[Enzyme|enzymatic]] pathways.<ref name="HäggströmRichfield2014">{{cite journal | vauthors= Häggström M, Richfield D |year=2014|title=Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2014.005|issn=2002-4436 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Changes in molecular structure from a precursor are highlighted in white.]]
{{See also|Steroidogenic enzyme}}

Steroidogenesis is the biological process by which steroids are generated from cholesterol and changed into other steroids.<ref name="pmid22217824">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hanukoglu I | title = Steroidogenic enzymes: structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 43 | issue = 8 | pages = 779–804 | date = Dec 1992 | pmid = 22217824 | doi = 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90307-5 | s2cid = 112729 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/890723 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-date = 26 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210129/https://zenodo.org/record/890723 | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[metabolic pathway|pathways]] of steroidogenesis differ among species. The major classes of steroid hormones, as noted above (with their prominent members and functions), are the [[progestogen]]s, [[corticosteroid]]s (corticoids), [[androgen]]s, and [[estrogen]]s.<ref name="pmid21051590"/><ref name="pmid38035948"/> Human steroidogenesis of these classes occurs in a number of locations:
* Progestogens are the precursors of all other human steroids, and all human tissues which produce steroids must first convert cholesterol to [[pregnenolone]]. This conversion is the rate-limiting step of steroid synthesis, which occurs inside the [[mitochondrion]] of the respective tissue. It is catalyzed by the mitochondrial P450scc system.<ref name="1980-Hanukoglu">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Jefcoate CR |title=Mitochondrial cytochrome P-450scc. Mechanism of electron transport by adrenodoxin |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=255 |issue=7 |pages=3057–61 |date=April 1980 |pmid=6766943 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(19)85851-9 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="1981-Hanukoglu">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Privalle CT, Jefcoate CR |title=Mechanisms of ionic activation of adrenal mitochondrial cytochromes P-450scc and P-45011 beta |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=256 |issue=9 |pages=4329–35 |date=May 1981 |pmid=6783659 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69437-8 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Cortisol, [[corticosterone]], aldosterone are produced in the [[adrenal cortex]].<ref name="pmid21051590" /><ref name="pmid38035948"/>
* Estradiol, [[estrone]] and progesterone are made primarily in the [[ovary]], estriol in [[placenta]] during pregnancy, and [[testosterone]] primarily in the [[testes]]<ref name="pmid21051590" /><ref name="endocrine-poster">{{cite web | url=https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/hormones-and-endocrine-function/reproductive-hormones | title=Reproductive Hormones | date=24 January 2022 | access-date=12 February 2024 | archive-date=10 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210160236/https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/hormones-and-endocrine-function/reproductive-hormones | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hpa">{{cite book | chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-44558-8_1%22 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-44558-8_1 | chapter=The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Ovarian Axis and Oral Contraceptives: Regulation and Function | title=Sex Hormones, Exercise and Women | date=2017 | pages=1–17 | isbn=978-3-319-44557-1 | vauthors = Davis HC, Hackney AC }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/androgen|title=androgen|date=19 January 2024|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129083600/https://www.britannica.com/science/androgen|url-status=live}}</ref> (some testosterone may also be produced in the adrenal cortex).<ref name="pmid21051590" /><ref name="pmid38035948">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oestlund I, Snoep J, Schiffer L, Wabitsch M, Arlt W, Storbeck KH |title=The glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 catalyzes the activation of testosterone |journal=J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol |volume=236 |issue= |pages=106436 |date=February 2024 |pmid=38035948 |doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106436|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/108335 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* Estradiol is converted from testosterone directly (in males), or via the primary pathway DHEA – androstenedione – estrone and secondarily via testosterone (in females).<ref name="pmid21051590" />
* [[Stromal cells]] have been shown to produce steroids in response to signaling produced by androgen-starved [[prostate cancer]] cells.<ref name="pmid27672740"/>{{primary source inline|date=March 2017}}{{better source needed|date=March 2017}}
* Some [[neurons]] and [[glia]] in the [[central nervous system]] (CNS) express the [[enzymes]] required for the local synthesis of pregnenolone, progesterone, DHEA and DHEAS, [[de novo synthesis|''de novo'']] or from peripheral sources.<ref name="pmid21051590" />{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

{{Production rates, secretion rates, clearance rates, and blood levels of major sex hormones}}