Editing Squid (section)

==Human uses==
{{further|Molluscs in culture}}

===In literature and art===
[[File:20000 squid holding sailor.jpg|thumb|upright|Giant squid-like [[sea monster]], by [[Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville|Alphonse de Neuville]] to illustrate [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]'', 1870]]

Giant squid have featured as [[sea monster|monsters of the deep]] since classical times. Giant squid were [[Aristotle's biology|described by Aristotle]] (4th century BC) in his ''[[History of Animals]]''<ref>[[Aristotle]]. N.d. [http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/history_anim.mb.txt ''Historia animalium''].</ref> and [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century AD) in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]''.<ref name=Ellis>{{cite book |author-link=Richard Ellis (biologist) |author=Ellis, Richard |year=1999 |title=The Search for the Giant Squid |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-028676-2 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/e/ellis-squid.html<!--Chapter 1 'The Big Calamari' online-->}}</ref><ref>[[Pliny the Elder]]. n.d. ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis historia]]''.</ref> The [[Gorgon]] of [[Greek mythology]] may have been inspired by squid or octopus, the animal itself representing the severed head of [[Medusa]], the beak as the protruding tongue and fangs, and its tentacles as the snakes.<ref>{{cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=OnHO4orvz18C}} |title=Medusa:Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon |last=Wilk |first=Stephen R. |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-988773-6}}</ref> The six-headed sea monster of the ''[[Odyssey]]'', [[Scylla]], may have had a similar origin. The Nordic legend of the kraken may also have derived from sightings of large cephalopods.<ref name=hogenboom>{{cite web |last1=Hogenboom |first1=Melissa |title=Are massive squid really the sea monsters of legend? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20141212-quest-for-the-real-life-kraken |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 July 2016 |date=12 December 2014}}</ref>

In literature, [[H. G. Wells]]' short story "[[The Sea Raiders]]" featured a man-eating squid species ''Haploteuthis ferox''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wells |first1=H. G. |title=The Sea Raiders |url=http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/2872/ |publisher=The Literature Network |access-date=12 December 2018 |date=1896}}</ref> The [[science fiction]] writer [[Jules Verne]] told a tale of a [[kraken]]-like monster in his 1870 novel ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]''.<ref name=hogenboom/>

===As food===
{{main|Squid as food}}
[[File:Fried calamari.jpg|thumb|left|Fried [[calamari]]: breaded, [[deep frying|deep-fried]] squid|alt=Photo of rings of breaded, fried squid]]

Squid form a major food resource and are used in cuisines around the world, notably in Japan where it is eaten as [[ika sōmen]], sliced into vermicelli-like strips; as [[sashimi]]; and as [[tempura]].<ref name="Davidson 2014">{{cite book| author=Alan Davidson | author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) | editor=Tom Jaine | title=The Oxford Companion to Food | edition=3rd | location= Oxford | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |pages=773–774| title-link=The Oxford Companion to Food }}</ref> Three species of ''Loligo'' are used in large quantities: ''[[Loligo vulgaris|L.&nbsp;vulgaris]]'' in the Mediterranean (known as {{Lang|es|Calamar}} in Spanish, {{Lang|it|Calamaro}} in Italian); ''[[Loligo forbesii|L.&nbsp;forbesii]]'' in the Northeast Atlantic; and ''[[Loligo pealei|L.&nbsp;pealei]]'' on the American East Coast.<ref name="Davidson 2014"/> Among the Ommastrephidae, ''[[Todarodes pacificus]]'' is the main commercial species, harvested in large quantities across the North Pacific in Canada, Japan and China.<ref name="Davidson 2014"/>

In English-speaking countries, squid as food is often called ''[[calamari]]'', adopted from Italian into English in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Calamari |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calamari |dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=12 December 2018 |quote=Definition of calamari: squid used as food}}</ref> Squid are found abundantly in certain areas, and provide large catches for [[fishery|fisheries]]. The body can be stuffed whole, cut into flat pieces, or sliced into rings. The arms, tentacles, and ink are also edible; the only parts not eaten are the beak and gladius (pen). Squid is a good food source for [[zinc]] and [[manganese]], and high in copper,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/seafood/squid/detail/dc_pi_sf_squid_0204.htm |title=Squid – Overview: Food Market Exchange – B2B e-marketplace for the food industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327225259/http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/seafood/squid/detail/dc_pi_sf_squid_0204.htm |archive-date=27 March 2010 |date=August 2002}}</ref> [[selenium]], [[vitamin B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]], and [[riboflavin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fishwatch.gov/profiles/california-market-squid |website=FishWatch |title=California Market Squid |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref>

===Commercial fishing===
According to the [[FAO]], the cephalopod catch for 2002 was {{convert|3173272|t|lb|sigfig=7}}. Of this, 2,189,206 tonnes, or 75.8 percent, was squid.<ref name="Rodhouse">{{cite journal |last=Rodhouse |first=Paul G. |year=2005 |title=Review of the state of world marine fishery resources: Fisheries technical paper |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/y5852e/Y5852E08.htm#ch3.2 |journal=World Squid Resources }}</ref> The following table lists squid species fishery catches that exceeded {{convert|10000|t|lb}} in 2002.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''World squid catch in 2002'''<ref name="Rodhouse"/>
|-
! Species
! Family
! Common name
! Catch<br />tonnes
! Percent
|-
| ''Loligo gahi'' or ''[[Doryteuthis gahi]]''
| [[Loliginidae]]
| [[Patagonian squid]]
| 24,976
| 1.1
|-
| ''Loligo pealei''
| [[Loliginidae]]
| [[Longfin inshore squid]]
| 16,684
| 0.8
|-
| Common squid nei{{efn|Nei: not elsewhere included|name=nei}}
| [[Loliginidae]]
|
| 225,958
| 10.3
|-
| ''Ommastrephes bartramii''
| [[Ommastrephidae]]
| [[Neon flying squid]]
| 22,483
| 1.0
|-
| ''[[Illex argentinus]]''
| [[Ommastrephidae]]
| Argentine shortfin squid
| 511,087
| 23.3
|-
| ''Dosidicus gigas''
| [[Ommastrephidae]]
| [[Humboldt squid]]
| 406,356
| 18.6
|-
| ''Todarodes pacificus''
| [[Ommastrephidae]]
| [[Japanese flying squid]]
| 504,438
| 23.0
|-
| ''[[Nototodarus sloanii]]''
| [[Ommastrephidae]]
| Wellington flying squid
| 62,234
| 2.8
|-
| Squid nei{{efn|name=nei}}
| Various
|
| 414,990
| 18.6
|-
| '''Total squid'''
|
|
| 2,189,206
| 100.0
|}

===In biomimicry===
[[File:Smitt hysteresis graph.svg|thumb|Schmitt trigger (B) [[Biomimicry|mimicking]] the [[squid giant axon]] removes noise from noisy analog input (U), where ordinary [[comparator]] (A) does not. Green dashed lines are thresholds.]]

Prototype chromatophores that [[Biomimicry|mimic]] the squid's adaptive camouflage have been made by [[Bristol University]] researchers using an electroactive [[dielectric]] [[elastomer]], a flexible "smart" material that changes its colour and texture in response to electrical signals. The researchers state that their goal is to create an artificial skin that provides rapid active camouflage.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Culpan |first1=Daniel |title=Squid-inspired 'skin' could lead to smart camouflage |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/artificial-squid-skin-camouflage |magazine=[[Wired UK|Wired]] |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=16 June 2015}}</ref>

The squid giant axon inspired [[Otto Schmitt]] to develop a [[comparator]] circuit with [[hysteresis]] now called the [[Schmitt trigger]], replicating the axon's propagation of [[nerve impulse]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Otto H. Schmitt, Como People of the Past |url=https://sites.google.com/a/comogreenvillage.info/como-history/home/people-of-the-past-documents/como-people-of-the-past/otto-h-schmitt |first=Connie |last=Sullivan |website=Como History |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007174931/https://sites.google.com/a/comogreenvillage.info/como-history/home/people-of-the-past-documents/como-people-of-the-past/otto-h-schmitt }}</ref>