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==Economy== {{Main|Economy of South America}} [[File:Banco del Sur.jpg|thumb|[[Rafael Correa]], [[Evo Morales]], [[Néstor Kirchner]], [[Cristina Fernández]], [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], [[Nicanor Duarte]], and [[Hugo Chávez]] signed the founding charter of the [[Bank of the South]].]] [[File:Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|Trading panel of the [[BM&F Bovespa|São Paulo Stock Exchange]] is the second biggest in the Americas and 13th in the world.]] [[File:CostaneraCenter2016.jpg|thumb|Financial center of [[Santiago]], Chile]] [[File:Ariane 5ES liftoff from ELA-3.jpg|thumb|Launch at the [[Kourou Space Centre]] in French Guiana]] [[File:Petrobrasbolivia2006.jpg|thumb|[[Refinery]] of Brazilian state-owned [[Petrobras]] in [[Cochabamba]], [[Bolivia]]]] [[File:Apresentação KC-390 (15414135738).jpg|thumb|[[Embraer KC-390|KC-390]] is the largest military transport aircraft produced in South America by the Brazilian company [[Embraer]].]] [[File:Bodega chakana hacia la montaña.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vineyard]] in [[Luján de Cuyo]], province of [[Mendoza, Argentina]]]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! Country ! [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP (nominal)]] $bn<br />2023<br /><ref name=PPP_GDP/> ! [[GDP (PPP)]] $bn<br />2023<br /><ref name=PPP_GDP>{{Cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPGDP,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|access-date=2023-04-11|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PPPSH,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=WEO Database, October 2023. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: World, European Union|date=10 October 2023|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> ! [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita]] $,000<br />2023<br /><ref name=PPP_GDP /> ! [[List of countries by exports|Merchandise exports]]<br />$bn<br />2022<br /><ref name=wfex>{{Cite web|title=Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$)|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.GNFS.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true|access-date=2023-08-20|website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> ! [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]]<br />2021<!-- Please use the year in which the HDI data refers to and not the year in which the report came out --><br /><ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2014. Human development indices|date=January 2011|page=23|publisher=United Nations|access-date=24 May 2011|archive-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204224811/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ! % with less than $2.15 per day<br />2021<br /><ref name="wb2"/> |- | style="text-align:left;" | Argentina | {{Nts|622}} | {{Nts|1240}} | {{Nts|27}} | {{Nts|103}} | {{Nts|0.84}} | {{Nts|1}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Bolivia | {{Nts|47}} | {{Nts|125}} | {{Nts|10}} | {{Nts|15}} | {{Nts|0.69}} | {{Nts|2}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Brazil | {{Nts|2130}} | {{Nts|4100}} | {{Nts|20}} | {{Nts|380}} | {{Nts|0.75}} | {{Nts|6}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Chile | {{Nts|344}} | {{Nts|600}} | {{Nts|30}} | {{Nts|107}} | {{Nts|0.86}} | {{Nts|0.7}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Colombia | {{Nts|364}} | {{Nts|1000}} | {{Nts|19}} | {{Nts|72}} | {{Nts|0.75}} | {{Nts|7}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Ecuador | {{Nts|120}} | {{Nts|243}} | {{Nts|13}} | {{Nts|36}} | {{Nts|0.74}} | {{Nts|3}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Falkland Islands<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |date=9 January 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> | {{Nts|}} | {{Nts|0.2}} | {{Nts|71}} | {{Nts|}} | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | French Guiana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211|title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 1990 à 2021 | Insee|website=insee.fr}}</ref> | {{Nts|5}} | {{Nts|}} | {{Nts|20}} | {{Nts|}} | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | Guyana | {{Nts|16}} | {{Nts|49}} | {{Nts|61}} | {{Nts|5}} | {{Nts|0.71}} | {{Nts|}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Paraguay | {{Nts|44}} | {{Nts|117}} | {{Nts|16}} | {{Nts|15}} | {{Nts|0.72}} | {{Nts|1.3}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Peru | {{Nts|265}} | {{Nts|550}} | {{Nts|16}} | {{Nts|71}} | {{Nts|0.76}} | {{Nts|3}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Suriname | {{Nts|3.5}} | {{Nts|11}} | {{Nts|18}} | {{Nts|3}} | {{Nts|0.73}} | {{Nts|}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Uruguay | {{Nts|76}} | {{Nts|103}} | {{Nts|29}} | {{Nts|23}} | {{Nts|0.81}} | {{Nts|0.1}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | Venezuela | {{Nts|92}} | {{Nts|21}} | {{Nts|8}} | {{Nts|23}} | {{Nts|0.69}} | {{Nts|}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"| Total || {{Nts|4100}} || {{Nts|8200}} || {{Nts|19}} || {{Nts|850}} || {{Nts|}} || {{Nts|}} |} Since 1930, the continent has experienced growth and diversification in most economic sectors. Most agricultural and livestock products are destined for the domestic market and local consumption. However, the export of [[agriculture|agricultural products]] is essential for the [[balance of trade]] in most countries.<ref name="Economy">O Sistema Econômico / América do Sul. In: ''Atlas Mundial''. São Paulo: Cia. Melhoramentos de São Paulo, 1999, pp. 26–27, 88–107, {{ISBN|85-06-02889-2}}.</ref> The main agrarian crops are export crops, such as [[soy]] and wheat. The production of staple foods such as vegetables, corn or beans is large, but focused on domestic consumption. Livestock raising for meat exports is significant in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Colombia. In tropical regions the most important crops are coffee, [[cocoa bean|cocoa]] and [[bananas]], mainly in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. Traditionally, the countries producing sugar for export are Peru, Guyana and Suriname, and in Brazil, [[sugar cane]] is also used to make [[ethanol]]. On the coast of Peru, northeast and south of Brazil, cotton is grown. 51% of South America's land surface is covered by forest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapter 43. Tropical South America|url=http://www.fao.org/3/y1997e/y1997e1c.htm|access-date=1 March 2021|work=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125184022/http://www.fao.org/3/y1997e/y1997e1c.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Transnational companies have settled in the [[Amazon rainforest]] to exploit timber destined for export. The Pacific coastal waters are the most important for commercial fishing. The anchovy catch reaches thousands of tonnes, and tuna is abundant, Peru is a major exporter. The capture of [[crustaceans]] is large, particularly in northeastern Brazil and Chile.<ref name="Economy"/> Brazil and Argentina are part of the [[G20]] industrial countries, while only Brazil is part of the [[G8+5]] (the most powerful and influential nations in the world). In the tourism sector, negotiations began in 2005 to promote tourism and increase air connections within the region. [[Punta del Este]], [[Florianópolis]] and [[Mar del Plata]] are among the largest resorts in South America.<ref name="Economy"/> The most industrialized countries in South America are Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Chile respectively. These countries alone account for more than 80% of the region's economy. Industries in South America significantly developed from the 1930s, when the [[Great Depression]] in the United States and elsewhere, boosted industrial production on the continent. The region partially moved away from agriculture and began to achieve high rates of economic growth that remained until the early 1990s, when they slowed due to political instabilities and economic crises.<ref name="Economy"/> Since the end of the economic crisis in Brazil and Argentina between 1998 and 2002, which led to [[economic recession]], rising unemployment and falling income, the industrial and service sectors have recovered. South America has shown good signs of economic stability, with controlled inflation and exchange rates, continuous growth, a decrease in [[social inequality]] and unemployment{{snd}}factors that favor industry.<ref name="Economy"/> The main industries are: electronics, textiles, food, automotive, metallurgy, aviation, naval, clothing, beverage, steel, tobacco, timber, chemical, among others.<ref name="Economy"/> The [[economic gap]] between rich and poor in most South American nations is larger than most other continents. The richest 10% receive over 40% of the nation's income in Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia,<ref name=share>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.DST.10TH.10|title=Income share held by highest 10%|publisher=The World Bank|year=2011|access-date=24 May 2012|archive-date=8 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608204232/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.DST.10TH.10|url-status=live}}</ref> while the poorest 20% receive 4% or less.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.DST.FRST.20/countries|title=Income share held by lowest 20%|publisher=The World Bank|year=2017|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=19 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619074038/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.DST.FRST.20/countries|url-status=live}}</ref> This wide gap can be seen in large South American cities where makeshift shacks and slums lie in the vicinity of skyscrapers and luxury apartments; many South Americans live on less than $2 per day.<ref name="wb2">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=1W&start=1984&view=chart|title=World Bank Open Data|website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> ===Agriculture=== The four countries with the strongest agriculture are Brazil, [[Argentina]], Chile and [[Colombia]]. Currently: * Brazil is the world's largest producer of [[sugarcane]], [[soy]], coffee, orange, [[guaraná]], [[açaí]] and [[Brazil nut]]; is one of the top 5 producers of [[maize]], [[papaya]], tobacco, [[pineapple]], banana, cotton, [[beans]], [[coconut]], [[watermelon]], lemon and [[yerba mate]]; is one of the top 10 world producers of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[cashew]], [[avocado]], [[tangerine]], [[persimmon]], [[mango]], [[guava]], rice, [[oat]], [[sorghum]] and tomato; and is one of the top 15 world producers of grape, apple, melon, peanut, [[fig]], [[peach]], onion, [[palm oil]] and [[natural rubber]]; * Argentina is the world's largest producer of [[yerba mate]]; is one of the five largest producers in the world of [[soy]], maize, [[sunflower seed]], lemon and pear, one of the 10 largest producers in the world of [[barley]], grape, [[artichoke]], tobacco and cotton, and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of wheat, [[oat]], [[chickpea]], [[sugarcane]], [[sorghum]] and [[grapefruit]]; * Chile is one of the five largest world producers of [[cherry]] and [[cranberry]], and one of the 10 largest world producers of grape, apple, [[Kiwifruit|kiwi]], [[peach]], [[plum]] and [[hazelnut]], focusing on exporting high-value fruits; * Colombia is one of the five largest producers in the world of coffee, [[avocado]] and [[palm oil]], and one of the 10 largest producers in the world of [[sugarcane]], banana, [[pineapple]] and [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]]; * [[Peru]] is the world's largest producer of [[quinoa]]; is one of the five largest producers of [[avocado]], [[blueberry]], [[artichoke]] and [[asparagus]]; one of the 10 largest producers in the world of coffee and [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]]; one of the 15 largest producers in the world of potato and [[pineapple]], and also has a considerable production of grape, [[sugarcane]], rice, banana, maize and [[cassava]]; its agriculture is considerably diversified; * [[Paraguay]]'s agriculture is currently developing, being currently the sixth largest producer of [[soy]] in the world and entering the list of the 20 largest producers of maize and [[sugarcane]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/|title=FAOSTAT|website=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/|url-status=live}}</ref> Brazil is the world's largest exporter of [[chicken meat]]: 3.8 million tonnes in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/conheca-os-3-paises-que-desafiam-o-brasil-nas-exportacoes-de-frango/20200122-093443-o532|title=Conheça os 3 países que desafiam o Brasil nas exportações de frango|website=Avicultura Industrial|date=22 January 2020|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814020818/https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/conheca-os-3-paises-que-desafiam-o-brasil-nas-exportacoes-de-frango/20200122-093443-o532|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/maiores-exportadores-de-carne-de-frango/|title=Maiores exportadores de carne de frango entre 2015 e 2019|first=Ivan|last=Formigoni|date=30 May 2019|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203423/http://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/maiores-exportadores-de-carne-de-frango/|url-status=live}}</ref> The country is the holder of the second largest herd of cattle in the world, 22% of the world herd. The country was the second largest producer of beef in 2019, responsible for 15% of global production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beefpoint.com.br/ibge-rebanho-de-bovinos-tinha-21823-milhoes-de-cabecas-em-2016/|title=IBGE: rebanho de bovinos tinha 218,23 milhões de cabeças em 2016 | BeefPoint|website=beefpoint.com.br|date=29 September 2017|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509124542/https://www.beefpoint.com.br/ibge-rebanho-de-bovinos-tinha-21823-milhoes-de-cabecas-em-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also the third largest world producer of milk in 2018, 35 billion liters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agronewsbrazil.com.br/brasil-e-o-3o-maior-produtor-de-leite-do-mundo-superando-o-padrao-europeu-em-alguns-municipios/|title=Brasil é o 3º maior produtor de leite do mundo, superando o padrão Europeu em alguns municípios|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917042822/https://agronewsbrazil.com.br/brasil-e-o-3o-maior-produtor-de-leite-do-mundo-superando-o-padrao-europeu-em-alguns-municipios/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, Brazil was the 4th largest pork producer in the world, with almost 4 million tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/principais-paises-produtores-de-carne-suina/|title=Principais países produtores de carne suína entre 2017 e 2019|first=Ivan|last=Formigoni|date=23 July 2019|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816082805/https://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/principais-paises-produtores-de-carne-suina/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, [[Argentina]] was the fourth largest producer of beef in the world, with a production of 3 million tonnes (behind only the United States, Brazil and China).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL/|title=FAOSTAT|website=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL/|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[chicken meat]] production, Argentina ranks among the 15 largest producers in the world, and Peru and Colombia among the 20 biggest producers. In beef production, Colombia is one of the 20 largest producers in the world. In [[honey]] production, Argentina ranks among the five largest. In [[cow's milk]], Argentina ranks among the 20 largest producers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QL/|title=FAOSTAT|website=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=16 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QL/|url-status=live}}</ref> <gallery> File:Faz S Sofia canavial 090607 REFON.JPG|Sugarcane plantation in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 746 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's sugarcane. File:SojaBrasnorte.jpg|Soy plantation in [[Mato Grosso]]. In 2020, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 130 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's soybeans. File:Coffee Plantation.jpg|Coffee in [[Minas Gerais]]. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 3.5 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's coffee. File:Laranja (Avaré) REFON 1.JPG|Orange in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 17 million tonnes. South America produces 25% of the world's orange. File:Perdigao.jpg|Truck of a meat company in Brazil. South America produces 20% of the world's beef and chicken meat. </gallery> ===Manufacturing=== {{Update|section|date=November 2024}} [[File:EMS - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[EMS (pharmaceuticals)|EMS]], the largest Brazilian pharmaceutical company]] The [[World Bank]] annually lists the top manufacturing countries by total manufacturing value. According to the 2019 list, Brazil has the thirteenth most valuable industry in the world (US$174 billion), [[Venezuela]] the thirtieth largest (US$58.2 billion, however, it depends on oil to obtain this value), [[Argentina]] the 31st largest (US$57.7 billion), [[Colombia]] the 46th largest (US$35.4 billion), [[Peru]] the 50th largest (US$28.7 billion) and Chile the 51st largest (US$28.3 billion).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) | Data|publisher=World Bank|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Brazil has the third-largest manufacturing sector in the Americas. Accounting for 29 percent of GDP, Brazil's industries range from automobiles, steel, and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft ([[Embraer]]), food, pharmaceutical, footwear, metallurgy and consumer durables. In the [[food industry]], in 2019, Brazil was the second largest exporter of processed foods in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php|title=Alimentos Processados | A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual|website=alimentosprocessados.com.br|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325142658/https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2020/02/18/faturamento-da-industria-de-alimentos-cresceu-67percent-em-2019.ghtml|title=Faturamento da indústria de alimentos cresceu 6,7% em 2019|website=G1|date=18 February 2020|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219171658/https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2020/02/18/faturamento-da-industria-de-alimentos-cresceu-67percent-em-2019.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2020-02/industria-de-alimentos-e-bebidas-faturaram-r-6999-bi-em-2019|title=Indústria de alimentos e bebidas faturou R$ 699,9 bi em 2019|date=18 February 2020|website=Agência Brasil|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219032930/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2020-02/industria-de-alimentos-e-bebidas-faturaram-r-6999-bi-em-2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the country was the 2nd largest producer of [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] and the 8th largest producer of paper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml|title=Produção nacional de celulose cai 6,6% em 2019, aponta Ibá|website=Valor Econômico|date=21 February 2020|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221134709/https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.celuloseonline.com.br/sabe-qual-e-o-estado-brasileiro-que-mais-produz-madeira-nao-e-sao-paulo/|title=Sabe qual é o estado brasileiro que mais produz Madeira?|date=9 October 2017|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012095718/https://www.celuloseonline.com.br/sabe-qual-e-o-estado-brasileiro-que-mais-produz-madeira-nao-e-sao-paulo/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/espirito-santo/noticia/sao-mateus-e-o-6-maior-produtor-de-madeira-em-tora-para-papel-e-celulose-no-pais-diz-ibge.ghtml|title=São Mateus é o 6º maior produtor de madeira em tora para papel e celulose no país, diz IBGE|website=G1|date=28 September 2017|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614215127/https://g1.globo.com/espirito-santo/noticia/sao-mateus-e-o-6-maior-produtor-de-madeira-em-tora-para-papel-e-celulose-no-pais-diz-ibge.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[footwear industry]], in 2019, Brazil ranked 4th among world producers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml|title=Indústrias calçadistas em Franca, SP registram queda de 40% nas vagas de trabalho em 6 anos|website=G1|date=14 July 2019|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714205803/https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fenac.com.br/producao-de-calcados-deve-crescer-3-em-2019|title=Fenac – Centro de Eventos e Negócios | Produção de calçados deve crescer 3% em 2019|first=Agência Maya: Criação de Sites e Marketing|last=Digital|website=fenac.com.br|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101151709/http://www.fenac.com.br/producao-de-calcados-deve-crescer-3-em-2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abicalcados.com.br/noticia/abicalcados-apresenta-relatorio-setorial-2019|title=Abicalçados apresenta Relatório Setorial 2019|website=abicalcados.com.br|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422064032/https://www.abicalcados.com.br/noticia/abicalcados-apresenta-relatorio-setorial-2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fazcomex.com.br/blog/exportacao-de-calcados-saiba-mais/|title=Exportação de Calçados: Saiba mais|date=27 February 2020|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617022014/https://www.fazcomex.com.br/blog/exportacao-de-calcados-saiba-mais/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the country was the 8th largest producer of [[vehicles]] and the 9th largest producer of steel in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/|title=Minas Gerais produz 32,3% do aço nacional em 2019|first=Diário do|last=Comércio|date=24 January 2020|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614182655/https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/|title=O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do País|date=8 March 2019|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308152711/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml|title=Indústria automobilística do Sul do Rio impulsiona superavit na economia|website=G1|date=12 July 2017|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719091817/https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the [[chemical industry]] of Brazil was the 8th largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf|title=Indústria Química no Brasil|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614225009/https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf|title=Estudo de 2018|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810185749/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm|title=Produção nacional da indústria de químicos cai 5,7% em 2019, diz Abiquim|website=economia.uol.com.br|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230629/https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Although Brazil was in 2013 among the five largest producers of textiles in the world, its [[textile industry]] still lacks proper integration in the world trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3|title=Industria Textil no Brasil|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619042050/https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Mining=== [[File:Cerro ricco.jpg|thumb|[[Cerro Rico]], [[Potosí Department|Potosi]], Bolivia, still a major silver mine]] [[File:Brasil - Ametista do Sul - Piedra amatista.jpg|thumb|upright|Amethyst mine in [[Ametista do Sul]]. South America is a major producer of gems such as amethyst, topaz, emerald, aquamarine and tourmaline.]] [[File:Chuqui001 02.jpg|thumb|[[Chuquicamata]] is the largest [[open pit mine]] in the world, near the city of [[Calama, Chile|Calama]] in Chile.]] Mining is one of the most important economic sectors in South America, especially for Chile, Peru and Bolivia, whose economies are highly dependent on this sector. The continent is a large producer of gold (mainly in Peru, Brazil and Argentina);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/|title=USGS Online Publications Directory|website=pubs.usgs.gov|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031507/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/|url-status=live}}</ref> silver (mainly in Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf|title=Production statistics of USGS Silver|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082301/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> copper (mainly in Chile, Peru and Brazil);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf|title=Copper production statistics for the USGS|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621203439/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> iron ore (Brazil, Peru and Chile);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf|title=Production statistics of USGS iron ore|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621060121/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[zinc]] (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf|title=Zinc production statistics from USGS|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626080058/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[molybdenum]] (Chile and Peru);<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|title=USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628031218/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[lithium]] (Chile, Argentina and Brazil);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf|title=USGS lithium production statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509143135/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> lead (Peru and Bolivia);<ref name="auto9">{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf|title=USGS Lead Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[bauxite]] (Brazil);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf|title=USGS Bauxite Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208035529/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[tin]] (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf|title=USGS tin production statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[manganese]] (Brazil);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf|title=Manganese production statistics from the USGS|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625143322/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[antimony]] (Bolivia and Ecuador);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf|title=USGS antimony production statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621062959/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[nickel]] (Brazil);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf|title=USGS Nickel Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412192007/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[niobium]] (Brazil);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-niobium.pdf|title=USGS Niobium Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625143407/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-niobium.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[rhenium]] (Chile);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-rhenium.pdf|title=USGS rhenium production statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621074425/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-rhenium.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[iodine]] (Chile),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iodine.pdf|title=USGS iodine production statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625191455/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iodine.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> among others. Brazil stands out in the extraction of iron ore (where it is the second largest producer and exporter in the world – iron ore is usually one of the three export products that generate the greatest value in the country's trade balance), copper, gold, [[bauxite]] (one of the five largest producers in the world), [[manganese]] (one of the five largest producers in the world), [[tin]] (one of the largest producers in the world), [[niobium]] (concentrates 98% of reserves known to the world) and [[nickel]]. In terms of gemstones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of [[amethyst]], [[topaz]], [[agate]] and one of the main producers of [[tourmaline]], [[emerald]], [[aquamarine (gemstone)|aquamarine]], [[garnet]] and [[opal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/pagina-inicial|title=ANM|website=gov.br Agência Nacional de Mineração|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804161841/https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/pagina-inicial|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019|title=Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos|date=29 June 2019|website=R7.com|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712095924/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Economia_Negocios/0,,MUL190262-9356,00-VOTORANTIM+METAIS+ADQUIRE+RESERVAS+DE+ZINCO+DA+MASA.html|title=G1 > Economia e Negócios – Noticías – Votorantim Metais adquire reservas de zinco da Masa|website=g1.globo.com|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118205757/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Economia_Negocios/0,,MUL190262-9356,00-VOTORANTIM+METAIS+ADQUIRE+RESERVAS+DE+ZINCO+DA+MASA.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml|title=Nióbio: G1 visita em MG complexo industrial do maior produtor do mundo|website=G1|date=12 December 2019|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212144838/https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html|title=Serviço Geológico do Brasil|website=cprm.gov.br|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906194936/http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html|title=Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil|website=Band.com.br|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502153003/https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Chile contributes about a third of the world copper production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf|title=Copper production in 2019 by USGS|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621203439/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to copper, Chile was, in 2019, the world's largest producer of [[iodine]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iodine.pdf|title=USGS Iodine Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625191455/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iodine.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[rhenium]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-rhenium.pdf|title=USGS Rhenium Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621074425/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-rhenium.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the second largest producer of [[lithium]]<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf|title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509143135/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[molybdenum]],<ref name="auto7"/> the sixth largest producer of silver,<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf|title=USGS Silver Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082301/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the seventh largest producer of salt,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf|title=USGS Salt Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623183622/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the eighth largest producer of [[potash]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-potash.pdf|title=USGS Potash Product ion Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714023525/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-potash.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the thirteenth largest producer of [[sulfur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf|title=USGS Sulfur Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624221045/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and the thirteenth largest producer of iron ore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf|title=USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621060121/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> in the world. In 2019, [[Peru]] was the 2nd largest world producer of copper<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf|title=USGS Copper Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621203439/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and silver,<ref name="auto4"/> 8th largest world producer of gold,<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf|title=USGS Gold Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621193715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of lead,<ref name="auto9"/> 2nd largest world producer of [[zinc]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf|title=USGS Zinc Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626080058/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 4th largest world producer of [[tin]],<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf|title=USGS Tin Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 5th largest world producer of [[boron]]<ref name="auto11">{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|title=USGS Boron Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and 4th largest world producer of [[molybdenum]].<ref name="auto7"/> In 2019, [[Bolivia]] was the 8th largest world producer of silver;<ref name="auto4"/> 4th largest world producer of [[boron]];<ref name="auto11"/> 5th largest world producer of [[antimony]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf|title=USGS Antimony Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621062959/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 5th largest world producer of [[tin]];<ref name="auto12"/> 6th largest world producer of [[tungsten]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tungsten.pdf|title=USGS Tungsten Production Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141418/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tungsten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 7th largest producer of [[zinc]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf|title=USGS ZincProduction Statistics|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626080058/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and the 8th largest producer of lead.<ref name="auto9"/><ref name="campbell"/><ref name="gov.br">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/pagina-inicial|title=ANM|website=Agência Nacional de Mineração|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804161841/https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/pagina-inicial|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, [[Argentina]] was the 4th largest world producer of [[lithium]],<ref name="auto6"/> the 9th largest world producer of silver,<ref name="auto4"/> the 17th largest world producer of gold<ref name="auto8"/> and the 7th largest world producer of [[boron]].<ref name="auto11"/> [[Colombia]] is the world's largest producer of [[emeralds]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/10/121025_colombia_esmeraldas_ru|title=Notícias – Região colombiana vive 'febre das esmeraldas'|publisher=BBC Brasil|year=2012|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221174300/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/10/121025_colombia_esmeraldas_ru|url-status=live}}</ref> In the production of gold, among 2006 and 2017, the country produced {{convert|15|tonne|ton}} per year until 2007, when its production increased significantly, breaking a record of {{convert|66.1|tonne|ton}} extracted in 2012. In 2017, it extracted {{convert|52.2|tonne|ton}}. The country is among the 25 largest gold producers in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/gold-production|title=Colombia Gold Production, 1990–2021|website=CEIC Data|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816022625/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/gold-production|url-status=live}}</ref> In the production of silver, in 2017 the country extracted {{convert|15.5|tonne|ton}}.<ref name="campbell">{{Cite web|last=Campbell|first=Keith|title=The state of mining in South America – an overview|url=https://www.miningweekly.com/article/the-state-of-mining-in-south-america-an-overview-2013-06-21/rep_id:3650|access-date=1 March 2021|website=Mining Weekly|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414173102/https://www.miningweekly.com/article/the-state-of-mining-in-south-america-an-overview-2013-06-21/rep_id:3650|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gov.br"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/silver-production|title=Colombia Silver Production, 1990–2021|website=CEIC Data|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816150027/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/silver-production|url-status=live}}</ref> In the production of oil, Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Venezuela was the 21st largest, with 877 thousand barrels / day and Colombia in 22nd with 886 thousand. As Venezuela and Ecuador consume little oil and export most of their production, they are part of [[OPEC]]. Venezuela had a big drop in production after 2015 (where it produced 2.5 million barrels / day), falling in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, due to lack of investment.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1546300800000|title=International – Data – Petroleum and other liquids|website=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304103613/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1546300800000|url-status=live}}</ref> For natural gas, in 2018, Argentina produced 1524 bcf (billion cubic feet), Venezuela 946, Brazil 877, Bolivia 617, Peru 451, Colombia 379.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/natural-gas/dry-natural-gas-production?pd=3002&p=00g&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=315532800000&e=1546300800000|title=International – Data – Natural gas|website=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019114317/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/natural-gas/dry-natural-gas-production?pd=3002&p=00g&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=315532800000&e=1546300800000|url-status=live}}</ref> In the beginning of 2020, in the production of [[Petroleum|oil]] and natural gas, Brazil exceeded 4 million [[barrels of oil equivalent]] per day, for the first time. In January 2021, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 139 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez|title=Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez|website=anp.gov.br|date=2020|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220091405/http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez|url-status=dead}}</ref> The continent had 2 of the 30 largest world producers of coal in 2018: Colombia (12th) and Brazil (27th).<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html|title=Statistical Review of World Energy | Energy economics | Home|website=bp global|access-date=26 June 2021|archive-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012042030/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Tourism=== Tourism has increasingly become a significant source of income for South American countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bigtravelweb.com/travel/2008/10/13/tourism-trends-visitor-numbers/|title=Latin & South America Tourism Statistics & Visitor Numbers|publisher=Bigtravelweb.com|date=13 October 2008|access-date=21 May 2012|archive-date=12 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812111806/http://bigtravelweb.com/travel/2008/10/13/tourism-trends-visitor-numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Juan Luis Eugenio-Martín, Noelia Martín Morales, Riccardo Scarpa (February 2004), [https://ssrn.com/abstract=504482 Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: A Panel Data Approach], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730042600/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=504482|date=30 July 2022}}. FEEM Working Paper No. 26.2004.</ref> Historic relics, architectural and natural wonders, a diverse range of foods and culture, colorful cities, and pretty landscapes attract millions of tourists every year to South America. Some of the most visited places in the region are [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Florianópolis]], [[Iguazu Falls]], São Paulo, [[Armação dos Búzios]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], [[Bombinhas]], [[Angra dos Reis]], [[Balneário Camboriú]], [[Paraty]], [[Ipojuca]], [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]], [[Cairu]], [[Fortaleza]] and [[Itapema]] in Brazil;<ref>[https://www.gov.br/turismo/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/observatorio/anuario-estatistico/anuario-estatistico-de-turismo-2021-ano-base-2020/anuario-estatistico-de-turismo-2021-ano-base-2020_divulgacao-compactado.pdf Anuário Estatístio de Turismo 2021 Brasil].</ref> [[Buenos Aires]], [[Bariloche]], [[Salta]], [[Jujuy]], [[Perito Moreno Glacier]], [[Valdes Peninsula]], [[Jesuit missions among the Guaraní#Jesuit reductions by country|Guarani Jesuit Missions in the cities of Misiones and Corrientes]], [[Ischigualasto Provincial Park]], [[Ushuaia]] and [[Patagonia]] in Argentina;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldestapeweb.com/turismo/turismo/los-10-destinos-mas-visitados-de-argentina-segun-los-portales-de-turismo-2021121014100|title=Los 10 destinos más visitados de Argentina según los portales de turismo|first=El|last=Destape|date=10 December 2021|website=eldestapeweb.com}}</ref> [[Isla Margarita]], [[Angel Falls]], [[Los Roques archipelago]], [[Gran Sabana]] in Venezuela; [[Machu Picchu]], Lima, [[Nazca Lines]], [[Cuzco]] in Peru; [[Lake Titicaca]], [[Salar de Uyuni]], La Paz, [[Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos]] in Bolivia; [[Tayrona National Natural Park]], [[Santa Marta]], [[Bogotá]], [[Cali]], [[Medellín]], [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] in Colombia, and the [[Galápagos Islands]] in Ecuador.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/topdestinations/tp/Attractions2006.htm|title=Top attractions|publisher=Gosouthamerica.about.com|date=4 December 2007|access-date=18 April 2009|archive-date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202164514/http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/topdestinations/tp/Attractions2006.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804173716/http://www.vipbackpackers.com//DestInfo/139/South_America_Destination_South_America.aspx|website=vipbackpackers.com|url=http://www.vipbackpackers.com//DestInfo/139/South_America_Destination_South_America.aspx|title=South America – Destination South America|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2008|year=2005}}</ref> In 2016 Brazil hosted the [[2016 Summer Olympics]]. {{wide image|67 - Carthagène - Décembre 2008.jpg|1000px|Panorama of [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] (2008), a major port on the northern coast of [[Colombia]] and one of the country's main tourist destinations}} ===Energy=== Due to the diversity of [[topography]] and pluviometric precipitation conditions, the region's water resources vary enormously in different areas. In the [[Andes]], navigation possibilities are limited, except for the Magdalena River, [[Lake Titicaca]] and the lakes of the southern regions of Chile and Argentina. Irrigation is an important factor for agriculture from northwestern Peru to Patagonia. Less than 10% of the known electrical potential of the Andes had been used until the mid-1960s. The [[Brazilian Highlands]] have a much higher hydroelectric potential than the [[Andes|Andean region]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} and its possibilities of exploitation are greater due to the existence of several large rivers with high margins and the occurrence of great differences forming huge cataracts, such as those of Paulo Afonso, Iguaçu and others. The [[Amazon River]] system has about {{convert|13,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of waterways, but its possibilities for [[hydroelectric power]] use are still unknown. Most of the continent's energy is generated through [[hydroelectric power plants]], but there is also an important share of [[thermoelectric]] and [[wind energy]]. Brazil and Argentina are the only South American countries that generate [[nuclear power]], each with two [[nuclear power plants]]. In 1991 these countries signed a peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement. {{wide image|Itaipu Décembre 2007 - Vue Générale.jpg|1500px|Panoramic view of the [[Itaipu Dam]], the second largest of the world in energy production}} [[File:Energia Eolica.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wind power]] in [[Parnaíba]]]] [[File:Angra dos Reis - usinas nucleares.jpg|thumb|[[Angra Nuclear Power Plant]] in [[Angra dos Reis]], Rio de Janeiro]] [[File:Usina solar de Pirapora 2.gif|thumb|[[Pirapora Solar Complex]], the largest in Brazil and Latin America with a capacity of 321 MW]] The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels/day. Production manages to supply the country's demand.<ref name="auto3"/> In the beginning of 2020, in the production of [[petroleum|oil]] and natural gas, the country exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.<ref name="auto2"/> Brazil is one of the main world producers of [[hydroelectric power]]. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, that constitutes 60.16% of the country's energy generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/|title=How many power plants do we have in Brazil?|date=5 April 2019|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005818/https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019 Brazil reached a total of 170,000 megawatts of installed power generation capacity, of which more than 75% are from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false|title=Brasil alcança 170 mil megawatts de capacidade instalada em 2019 – Sala de Imprensa – ANEEL|website=aneel.gov.br|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193140/https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.energiaeambiente.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf|title=Uso de água em termoelétricas|date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075849/http://www.energiaeambiente.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2018|language=pt}}</ref> In 2013, the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]] used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. Hydroelectric generation represented 58% of the region's installed capacity, with the remaining 42% coming mostly from thermoelectric generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity; Minas Gerais for about 25%; Rio de Janeiro for 13.3%; and Espírito Santo accounted for the rest. The [[South Region, Brazil|South Region]] owns the [[Itaipu Dam]], which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration of [[Three Gorges Dam]] in China. It remains the second largest operating hydroelectric power generation capacity in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant with [[Paraguay]]: the dam is located on the [[Paraná River]], located on the border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 GW for 20 generating units of 700 MW each. [[North Region, Brazil|North Region]] has large hydroelectric plants, such as [[Belo Monte Dam]] and [[Tucuruí Dam]], which produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/bitstream/1408/4401/1/O%20BNDES%20e%20a%20quest%C3%A3o%20energ%C3%A9tica%20e%20logistica%20na%20Regi%C3%A3o%20Sudeste_5_P.pdf|title=O BNDES e a questão energética e logística da Região Sudeste|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709090411/https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/bitstream/1408/4401/1/O%20BNDES%20e%20a%20quest%c3%a3o%20energ%c3%a9tica%20e%20logistica%20na%20Regi%c3%a3o%20Sudeste_5_P.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html|title=Power: World's biggest hydroelectric facility|date=19 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519000659/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html|archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref> {{As of|2022|7|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of [[wind power]] was 22 GW, with average [[capacity factor]] of 58%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-02.pdf|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Fevereiro/2021|language=pt|date=20 February 2021|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS|pages=6, 14|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410221330/http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-02.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://megawhat.energy/news/147158/eolica-supera-22-gw-em-operacao-no-brasil|title=Eólica supera 22 GW em operação no Brasil|date=21 July 2022|publisher=Megawhar|access-date=2 August 2022|language=pt-br}}</ref> While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record average capacity factors of over 60%;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica|title=Brasil é o país com melhor fator de aproveitamento da energia eólica|work=Governo do Brasil|access-date=7 October 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223102/http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica|archive-date=7 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.capitalinvest-group.com/en/invest-in-brazil-ma-guide/|title=Invest in Brazil|date=23 August 2018|work=Capital Invest: Top M&A Financial Advisors in Brazil (Sao Paulo)|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113040339/https://www.capitalinvest-group.com/en/invest-in-brazil-ma-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref> the average capacity factor in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]] is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf|title=Boletim Trimestral de Energia Eólica – Junho de 2020|language=pt-BR|publisher=Empresa de Pesquisa Energética|date=23 June 2020|page=4|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811053611/https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/|title=Quantas usinas geradoras de energia temos no Brasil?|date=5 April 2019|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005818/https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/ventos-promissores-a-caminho/|title=Ventos promissores a caminho|website=revistapesquisa.fapesp.br|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129102108/https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/ventos-promissores-a-caminho/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ctee.com.br/brazilwindpower/2016/zpublisher/materia/?url=potencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026|title=Brazilian onshore wind potential could be 880 GW, study indicates|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814221022/http://www2.ctee.com.br/brazilwindpower/2016/zpublisher/materia/?url=potencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021 Brazil ranked 7th in the world in terms of installed wind power capacity (21 GW),<ref name="RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021">[https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf|title=Global wind statistics|date=22 April 2022|website=IRENA|access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref> and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, United States and Germany.<ref>[[Hannah Ritchie]] and [[Max Roser]], [https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy Wind Power generation].</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf|title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021|access-date=23 April 2021|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824142125/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.<ref name=uic>{{cite web|publisher=Uranium Information Centre|url=http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm|title=Nuclear Power in Brazil. Briefing Paper # 95|date=May 2007|access-date=19 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208105204/http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm|archive-date=8 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned by [[Eletronuclear|Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A)]], a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Eletrobrás]]. Nuclear energy is produced by [[List of nuclear reactors#Brazil|two reactors]] at [[Angra Nuclear Power Plant|Angra]]. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna in [[Angra dos Reis]], Rio de Janeiro. It consists of two [[pressurized water reactor]]s, Angra I, with capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in 2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished.<ref name=merco>{{cite web|publisher=Mecropress|url=http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036|title=Brazil plans to build seven nuclear reactors|date=23 October 2006|access-date=19 May 2007|archive-date=19 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219171559/http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2022|10|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of [[photovoltaic solar]] was 21 GW, with average [[capacity factor]] of 23%. Some of the most [[Solar irradiance|irradiated]] Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia") and GO (Goiás), which have indeed world [[Solar irradiance|irradiation]] level records.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/|title=Quais as melhores regiões do Brasil para geração de energia fotovoltaica? – Sharenergy|date=3 February 2017|work=Sharenergy|access-date=7 October 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223213/http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202020-09.pdf|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Setembro/2020|language=pt|date=13 October 2020|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS|pages=6, 13|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102012240/http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202020-09.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, solar power represented 1.27% of the energy generated in the country.<ref name="auto"/> In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),<ref>[https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022].</ref> and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy|title=Renewable Energy|first1=Hannah|last1=Ritchie|first2=Max|last2=Roser|first3=Pablo|last3=Rosado|date=11 October 2023|journal=Our World in Data|via=ourworldindata.org}}</ref> In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through [[biomass]] (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf|title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021|page=41|access-date=24 May 2021|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824142125/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> After Brazil, [[Colombia]] is the country in South America that most stands out in energy production. In 2020, the country was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2015 it was the 19th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 40th largest producer in the world. Colombia's biggest highlight is in coal, where the country was, in 2018, the world's 12th largest producer and the 5th largest exporter. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 45th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (0.5 GW), 76th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.1 GW) and 20th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW). [[Venezuela]], which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only 300,000 barrels/day at a given point. The country also stands out in hydroelectricity, where it was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed capacity in 2020 (16,5 GW). [[Argentina]] was in 2017 the 18th largest producer of natural gas in the world, and the largest producer of natural gas in Latin America, in addition to being the 28th largest oil producer; although the country has the Vaca Muerta field, which holds close to 16 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil, which is the second largest natural shale gas deposit in the world, the country lacks the capacity to exploit the deposit: it lacks the necessary capital, technology and knowledge that can only come from offshore energy companies, who view Argentina and its erratic economic policies with considerable suspicion, not wanting to invest in the country. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 27th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (2.6 GW), 42nd in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.7 GW) and 21st in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW). The country has great potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region. Chile, although currently not a major energy producer, has great future potential for solar energy production in the Atacama Desert region. [[Paraguay]] stands out today in hydroelectric production thanks to the Itaipu Power Plant. [[Bolivia]] stand out in the production of natural gas, where it was the 31st largest in the world in 2015. [[Ecuador]], because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production|title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|website=eia.gov|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021020232/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2014.pdf|title=IEA. Key World Energy Statistics 2014. Natural Gas.|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.|title=html CIA. The World Factbook. Natural gas – production.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto5" /> ===Transport=== Transport infrastructure in South America includes roads, railways, [[seaport]]s and airports. The railway and [[fluvial]] sector, although having more robust contemporary potential, are still somewhat treated in a secondary way. ====Roads==== [[File:Ruta Nacional 9 en Zárate hacia el noroeste.jpg|thumb|Ruta 9 / 14, in [[Zárate, Buenos Aires|Zarate]], Argentina]] Due to the [[Andes Mountains]], [[Amazon River]] and [[Amazon Forest]], there have always been difficulties in implementing larger scale transcontinental or bi-oceanic highways. Practically the only route that existed was the one that connected Brazil to Buenos Aires, (in Argentina) and later to Santiago, (in Chile). However, in recent years, with the combined effort of countries, new routes have started to emerge, such as Brazil-Peru ([[Interoceanic Highway]]), and a new highway between Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina and northern Chile ([[Central Bi-Oceanic railway|Bioceanic Corridor]]). Some of the most modern roads extend through northern and south-east Argentina; and south of Brazil, a vast road complex aims to link [[Brasília]], the federal capital, to the South, Southeast, Northeast and Northern regions of Brazil. Brazil has more than {{convert|1.7|e6km|e6mi|abbr=off}} of roads, of which {{convert|215,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} are paved, and about {{convert|14,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} are [[divided highways]]. The two most important highways in the country are [[BR-101]] and [[BR-116]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2018/#|title=Anuário CNT do Transporte|website=anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012349/http://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina has more than {{convert|600,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads, of which about {{convert|70,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} are paved, and about {{convert|2,500|km|mi|abbr=on}} are divided highways. The three most important highways in the country are [[National Route 9 (Argentina)|Route 9]], [[National Route 7 (Argentina)|Route 7]] and [[National Route 14 (Argentina)|Route 14]].<ref name="auto1"/> Colombia has about {{convert|210,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads, and about {{convert|2,300|km|mi|abbr=on}} are divided highways.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/descargar.php?idFile=14090|title=Transporte en Cifras Estadísticas 2015|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127090803/https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/descargar.php?idFile=14090|url-status=live}}</ref> Chile has about {{convert|82,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads, {{convert|20,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of which are paved, and about {{convert|2,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} are divided highways. The most important highway in the country is the [[Chile Route 5|Route 5]] ([[Pan-American Highway]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapas.mop.cl/cc2017/Cuadernillo/Cuadernillo_2017.pdf|title=Carta Caminera 2017|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414172426/http://www.mapas.mop.cl/cc2017/Cuadernillo/Cuadernillo_2017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> These 4 countries are the ones with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane highways. In addition, there is a reputed [[Pan-American Highway]], which crosses Argentina and the Andean countries from north to south, although various stretches are unfinished.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=88271|title=A Gap in the Andes: Image of the Day|date=2 April 2015|website=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov|access-date=22 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202012127/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=88271|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Aviation==== [[File:Riodejaneiro aerea aeroportogaleao-131756(cut).jpg|thumb|[[Rio de Janeiro International Airport]]]] In South America, [[commercial aviation]] has a magnificent expansion field, which has one of the largest traffic density lines in the world, Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo, and large airports, such as [[São Paulo–Congonhas Airport|Congonhas]], [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International]] and [[Viracopos]] (São Paulo), [[Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport|Rio de Janeiro International]] and [[Santos Dumont Airport|Santos Dumont]] (Rio de Janeiro), [[El Dorado International Airport|El Dorado]] (Bogotá), [[Ministro Pistarini International Airport|Ezeiza]] (Buenos Aires), [[Tancredo Neves International Airport]] (Belo Horizonte), [[Afonso Pena International Airport|Curitiba International Airport]] (Curitiba), Brasília, Caracas, Montevideo, Lima, [[Viru Viru International Airport]] (Santa Cruz de la Sierra), Recife, Salvador, Salgado Filho International Airport (Porto Alegre), Fortaleza, Manaus and Belém. There are more than 2,000 airports in Brazil. The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States. [[São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo International Airport]], located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is the largest and busiest in the country – the airport connects São Paulo to practically all major cities around the world. Brazil has 44 international airports, such as those in [[Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brasília International Airport|Brasília]], [[Belo Horizonte International Airport|Belo Horizonte]], [[Salgado Filho International Airport|Porto Alegre]], [[Hercílio Luz International Airport|Florianópolis]], [[Marechal Rondon International Airport|Cuiabá]], [[Salvador International Airport|Salvador]], [[Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport|Recife]], [[Fortaleza Airport|Fortaleza]], [[Belém/Val-de-Cans International Airport|Belém]] and [[Eduardo Gomes International Airport|Manaus]], among others. Argentina has important international airports such as [[Ministro Pistarini International Airport|Buenos Aires]], [[Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport|Cordoba]], [[San Carlos de Bariloche Airport|Bariloche]], [[Governor Francisco Gabrielli International Airport|Mendoza]], [[Martín Miguel de Güemes International Airport|Salta]], [[Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport|Puerto Iguazú]], [[Presidente Perón International Airport|Neuquén]] and [[Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport|Usuhaia]], among others. Chile has important international airports such as [[Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport|Santiago]], [[Andrés Sabella Gálvez International Airport|Antofagasta]], [[El Tepual Airport|Puerto Montt]], [[Presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo International Airport|Punta Arenas]] and [[Diego Aracena International Airport|Iquique]], among others. Colombia has important international airports such as [[El Dorado International Airport|Bogotá]], [[José María Córdova International Airport|Medellín]], [[Rafael Núñez International Airport|Cartagena]], [[Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport|Cali]] and [[Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport|Barranquilla]], among others. Other important airports are those in the capitals of Uruguay ([[Carrasco International Airport|Montevideo]]), Paraguay ([[Silvio Pettirossi International Airport|Asunción]]), Peru ([[Jorge Chávez International Airport|Lima]]), Bolivia ([[El Alto International Airport|La Paz]]) and Ecuador ([[Mariscal Sucre International Airport|Quito]]). The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html|title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina|first=Artur Luiz|last=Andrade|date=29 October 2018|website=Portal Panrotas|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Seaports and harbors==== [[File:A Saúde dos Portos (7110638275).jpg|upright=.8|thumb|Port of Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil]] The two main merchant fleets also belong to Brazil and Argentina. The following are those of Chile, Venezuela, Peru and Colombia. The largest ports in commercial movement are those of [[Buenos Aires]], [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]], Rio de Janeiro, [[Bahía Blanca]], [[Rosario]], [[Valparaíso]], [[Recife]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], Montevideo, [[Paranaguá]], [[Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande]], [[Fortaleza]], [[Belém]] and [[Maracaibo]]. Brazil has some of the busiest seaports in South America, such as [[Port of Santos]], [[Port of Rio de Janeiro]], [[Port of Paranaguá]], [[Port of Itajaí]], [[Port of Rio Grande]], [[Port of São Francisco do Sul]] and [[Suape Port]]. Argentina has ports such as [[Port of Buenos Aires]] and [[Port of Rosario]]. Chile has important ports in [[Valparaíso]], [[Caldera, Chile|Caldera]], [[Mejillones]], [[Antofagasta]], [[Iquique]], [[Arica]] and [[Puerto Montt]]. Colombia has important ports such as [[Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca|Buenaventura]], [[Cartagena Container Terminal]] and [[Puerto Bolivar, Colombia|Puerto Bolivar]]. Peru has important ports in [[Callao]], [[Port of Chancay|Chancay]], [[Ilo, Peru|Ilo]] and [[Matarani]]. The 15 busiest ports in South America are: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf|title=Port Activity of Latin America and the Caribbean 2018|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Rail==== Two primary railroads are continental: the Transandina, which connects [[Buenos Aires]], in Argentina to [[Valparaíso]], in Chile, and the Brazil–Bolivia Railroad, which makes it the connection between the port of [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]] in Brazil and the city of [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]], in Bolivia. Two areas of greater density occur in the railway sector: the platinum network, which develops around the [[Platine region]], largely belonging to Argentina, with more than {{convert|45,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} in length; And the [[Southeast Brazil]] network, which mainly serves the [[state of São Paulo]], [[state of Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Minas Gerais]]. The Argentine rail network, with {{convert|47,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of tracks, at one stage was one of the largest in the world and continues to be the most extensive in Latin America. It came to have about {{convert|100,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of rails, but the lifting of tracks and the emphasis placed on motor transport gradually reduced it. It has four different trails and international connections with Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. The Brazilian railway network has an extension of about {{convert|30,000|km|mi|abbr=off}}. It is basically used for transporting ores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/|title=Brazil – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=8 November 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812124129/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/|url-status=live}}</ref> Chile has almost {{convert|7,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of railways, with connections to Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Colombia has about {{convert|3,500|km|mi|abbr=on}} of railways.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://continuidad-mintrans.nexura.com/|title=Ministerio de transporte|website=continuidad-mintrans.nexura.com|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614013720/http://continuidad-mintrans.nexura.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Waterways==== [[File:Mouths of amazon geocover 1990.png|thumb|The mouth of the Amazon River]] South America has one of the largest bays of navigable inland waterways in the world, represented mainly by the [[Amazon basin]], the [[Platine basin]], the São Francisco and the Orinoco basins, with Brazil having about {{convert|54,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} navigable, while Argentina has {{convert|6,500|km|mi|abbr=on}} and Venezuela has {{convert|1,200|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Among the main Brazilian [[waterway]]s, two stand out: the one is [[Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná]]—which has a length of {{convert|2,400|km|mi|abbr=off}}, of which {{convert|1,600|km|mi|abbr=off}} are on the Paraná River and {{convert|800|km|mi|abbr=off}} are on the Tietê River—draining agricultural production from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, Tocantins and Minas Gerais; the second one is [[Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas]] with two sections: Solimões which extends from Tabatinga to Manaus with a length of approximately {{convert|1600|km|mi|abbr=off}}, and Amazonas which extends from Manaus to Belém with a length of approximately {{convert|1650|km|mi|abbr=off}}. Almost all passenger transport in the Amazon plain is done via this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus. In Brazil, water transport is still underutilised: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in the Southeast and South of the country. Its full use still requires the construction of locks, major dredging works and the development of ports that allow intermodal integration. In [[Argentina]], the waterway network is made up of the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. The main river ports are [[Zárate, Buenos Aires|Zárate]] and [[Campana Partido|Campana]]. The port of Buenos Aires is historically the first in individual importance, but the area known as Up-River, which stretches along {{convert|67|km|mi|abbr=off}} of the Santa Fé portion of the Paraná River, brings together 17 ports that concentrates around 50% of the total exports of the country. ====Public transport==== The primary public transport in major cities is the bus. Many cities have a diverse transport system of metro and subway trains, the first of which was the [[Buenos Aires Underground|Buenos Aires subte]], opened 1913.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|title=A short history of world metro systems – in pictures|last=Lin|first=Luna|location=London|date=10 September 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2014/sep/10/-sp-history-metro-pictures-london-underground-new-york-beijing-seoul|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193728/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2014/sep/10/-sp-history-metro-pictures-london-underground-new-york-beijing-seoul|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Santiago subway]]<ref name="Home">{{cite web|url=http://www.metrosantiago.cl/guia-viajero|title=Guía del Viajero|publisher=Metro de Santiago|language=es|access-date=3 July 2015|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043055/http://www.metrosantiago.cl/guia-viajero|url-status=dead}}</ref> is the longest subway network in South America spanning {{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=off}}, while the [[São Paulo subway]] is the most heavily utilised with more than 4.6 million passengers per day.<ref name="2014ridership">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/metro/numeros-pesquisa/demanda.aspx|title=Metro – Passengers|publisher=Companhia Do Metropolitano De São Paulo|language=pt|year=2014|access-date=14 June 2014|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215094712/http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/metro/numeros-pesquisa/demanda.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rio de Janeiro]] installed the continent's first railroad in 1854. Today the city has a diversified system of metropolitan trains, integrated with buses and subway. It has a Light Rail System called [[Rio de Janeiro Light Rail|VLT]], with small electrical trams at low speed, while [[São Paulo]] has inaugurated a [[Line 15 (São Paulo Metro)|monorail]]. In Brazil, an express bus system called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), which operates in several cities, has been developed. [[Mi Teleférico]], also known as Teleférico [[La Paz]]–[[El Alto]] (La Paz–El Alto Cable Car), is an aerial cable car urban transit system serving the La Paz–El Alto metropolitan area in Bolivia.
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