Editing Sixth Crusade (section)

===Treaty of Jaffa===
{{main|Treaty of Jaffa (1229)}}
After resolving the internecine struggles in Syria, al-Kamil's position was stronger than it was a year before when he made his original offer to Frederick. He likely did not know that Frederick's force was a mere shadow of the army that had amassed when the Crusade had originally been called. Frederick realised that his only hope of success in the Holy Land was to negotiate for the return of Jerusalem as he lacked the manpower to engage in battle. He sent [[Thomas I of Aquino|Thomas of Aquino]] and [[Balian of Sidon]] to inform the sultan of his arrival in the Holy Land. Al-Kamil was friendly but non-committal. In reply, Frederick received the ambassadors of the sultan, including [[Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh]], at the Hospitaller camp at [[Tel Afek|Recordane]], near Acre. The sultan relocated from Nablus to [[Hiribya]], northeast of Gaza, and Thomas and Balian were sent to resume negotiations.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=453–454|loc=Negotiations with the Sultan}}

Frederick hoped that a token show of force, a threatening march down the coast, would be enough to convince [[al-Kamil]] to honor a proposed agreement that had been negotiated some years earlier. The masters of the Templars and Hospitallers, [[Pedro de Montaigu]] and [[Bertrand de Thessy]], accompanied the emperor, at a distance behind as he was excommunicate. In January 1229, Frederick received notice that John of Brienne, serving the curia as rector of a [[Patrimony of Saint Peter]],{{sfn|Runciman|1954|p=177|loc=The Fate of John of Brienne}} had taken San Germano and was threatening [[Capua]].{{sfn|Perry|2013|p=142|loc=A decade in the West}} This placed Frederick in an awkward position. If he delayed in the Holy Land too long, he could lose his empire. If he left without results, he would be dishonored. He directed Henry of Malta to send twenty galleys to Syria by the following Easter. Fortunately, al-Kamil was occupied with a [[Siege of Damascus (1229)|siege in Damascus]] against his nephew [[An-Nasir Dawud|an-Nasir Dā’ūd]]. He then agreed to cede Jerusalem to the Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=454–455|loc=March to Jaffa}}

The treaty was concluded on 18 February 1229, and also involved a ten-year truce.<ref>Hiroshi Takayama (2010). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09518967.2010.540419 Frederick II's crusade: an example of Christian–Muslim diplomacy], [[Mediterranean Historical Review]], 25:2, pp. 169–185.</ref> The English bishops [[Peter des Roches]] and [[William Briwere]] were witness to the signing. No complete copy of the treaty has survived, either in Latin nor Arabic. In it, al-Kamil surrendered Jerusalem with the exception of some Muslim holy sites. Frederick also received [[Bethlehem]] and [[Nazareth]], part of [[Sidon|Sidon district]], and [[Jaffa]] and [[Toron]], dominating the coast. Other lordships may have been returned to Christian control, but sources disagree. It was, however, a treaty of compromise. The Muslims retained control over the [[Temple Mount]] area of Jerusalem, the [[Qibli Mosque|Jami Al-Aqsa]], and the [[Dome of the Rock]]. The Transjordan castles stayed in Ayyubid hands. Whether Frederick was permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications was unclear, although the Crusaders did in fact restore Jerusalem's defensive walls.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=455–457|loc=The Treaty of Jaffa}}

The agreement, known sometimes as the [[Treaty of Jaffa (1229)|Treaty of Jaffa]],{{sfn|Richard|1999|pp=312–318|loc=The Sixth Crusade and the Treaty of Jaffa}} also included the agreement signed by the different Ayyubid rulers at [[Tall al-Ajjul|Tell Ajul]] near [[Gaza City|Gaza]], of which, from al-Kamil's perspective, the treaty with Frederick was just an extension,{{sfn|Boas|2001|p=40|loc=The Medieval City}} which allows this agreement to be also called the [[Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul]].{{sfn|Boas|2001|p=1|loc=Introduction}} Frederick seems to have pledged his support to the sultan against all enemies, including Christian ones. The other Crusader states—[[Principality of Antioch]] and [[County of Tripoli]]—would receive no support in the event of war with the Muslims. The strongholds of the Hospitallers and Templars were left ''in statu quo'', and aid was not to be provided from any source. Prisoners from this conflict and the previous crusade were to be released. The provisions for the military orders and the possessions of [[Bohemond IV of Antioch]] likely reflect their lack of support provided to Frederick.{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|pp=455–457|loc=The Treaty of Jaffa}}