Editing Second Vatican Council (section)

===Changes resulting from Vatican II===
{{Main|Post Vatican II history of the Catholic Church|Hermeneutics of the Second Vatican Council}}
The council addressed relations between the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Modernity|modern world]].<ref>{{Citation |url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html |title = Gaudium et spes |trans-title = Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World |location = Rome, Italy |series = II Vatican council |publisher = Vatican }}</ref>    Several changes resulting from the council include the renewal of [[consecrated life]] with a revised [[charism]], [[Ecumenism|ecumenical]] efforts with other [[Christian denomination]]s, [[interfaith dialogue]] with other religions, and the [[universal call to holiness]], which according to Paul VI was "the most characteristic and ultimate purpose of the teachings of the Council".<ref name="Motu Proprio Sanctitas Clarior">{{cite web |title = Sanctitas clarior – Lettera Apostolica in forma di Motu Proprio con la quale sono riordinati i processi per le cause di beatificazione e canonizzazione (19 marzo 1969) {{!}} Paolo VI |url = http://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19690319_sanctitas-clarior.html |website = www.vatican.va |access-date = 22 May 2020 }}</ref>

According to [[Pope Benedict XVI]], the most important and essential message of the council was "the [[Paschal mystery|Paschal Mystery]] as the center of what it is to be Christian and therefore of the Christian life, the [[Liturgical year|Christian year]], the Christian seasons".<ref name="w2.vatican.va">{{cite web |url = https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2013/february/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20130214_clero-roma.html |title = Meeting with the Parish Priests and the Clergy of the Rome Diocese (14 February 2013) – Benedict XVI }}</ref> Other changes that followed the council included the widespread use of [[vernacular]] languages in the [[Mass (Catholic Church)|Mass]] instead of [[Latin]], the allowance of [[communion under both kinds]] for the laity, the subtle disuse of ornate clerical [[regalia]], the revision of [[Anaphora (liturgy)|Eucharistic (liturgical) prayers]], the abbreviation of the [[liturgical calendar]], the ability to celebrate the Mass {{lang|la|[[versus populum]]}} (with the officiant facing the congregation), as well as {{lang|la|[[ad orientem]]}} (facing the "East" and the Crucifix), and modern aesthetic changes encompassing [[contemporary Catholic liturgical music]] and artwork.<ref name="Kennedy2011"/> With many of these changes resonating with the perspectives of other [[Christian denomination]]s who sent observers to the Second Vatican Council, it was an ecumenical "milestone for Catholics, Protestants, [and] the Orthodox".<ref name="Kennedy2011"/> These changes, while praised by many faithful Catholics,<ref name="O'Malley2012">{{cite web |last1=O'Malley |first1=John W. |title=Opening the Church to the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/opinion/vatican-ii-opened-the-church-to-the-world.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=English |date=11 October 2012}}</ref> remain divisive among those identifying as traditionalist Catholics.<ref name="BrewerHigginsTeeney2011">{{cite book |last1=Brewer |first1=John D. |last2=Higgins |first2=Gareth I. |last3=Teeney |first3=Francis |title=Religion, Civil Society, and Peace in Northern Ireland |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969402-0 |language=English |quote=Vatican II, by eliminating Latin prayers, offended traditional Catholics, and in Judaism the status of kashrut is divisive.}}</ref>{{efn|Various feasts and devotional celebrations related to popular piety were revised or abbreviated as a result of the council. Examples of this are the revision of the [[novena]] to [[Our Mother of Perpetual Help]] and the celebration of [[Friday of Sorrows]] in [[Lent]].}}

''[[Dignitatis humanae]]'', authored largely by United States theologian [[John Courtney Murray]], challenged the council fathers to find "reasons for religious freedom" in which they believed,<ref name="Macmillan-1966">{{Cite book|title=Religious Liberty: An End and a Beginning|publisher=Macmillan|year=1966|editor-last=Murray|editor-first=John Courtney|location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|8}} and drew from scripture scholar [[John L. McKenzie]] the comment: "The Church can survive the disorder of development better than she can stand the living death of organized immobility."<ref name="Macmillan-1966" />{{rp|106}}	

As a result of the reforms of Vatican II, on 15 August 1972 Paul issued the ''motu proprio'' ''Ministeria Quaedam'' which in effect suppressed the [[minor orders]] and replaced them with two [[instituted ministries]], those of [[Reader (liturgy)|lector]] and [[acolyte]]. A major difference was: "Ministries may be assigned to [[Catholic laity|lay Christians]]; hence they are no longer to be considered as reserved to candidates for the sacrament of orders."<ref name="Ministeria Quaedam">{{Cite web |title=Pope Paul VI – Ministeria Quaedam |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/p6minors.htm}}</ref>