Editing Satellite (section)

=== Launches ===
Rocket launches release numerous pollutants into every layer of the atmosphere, especially affecting the atmosphere above the [[tropopause]] where the byproducts of combustion can reside for extended periods.<ref name="Durrieu">{{cite journal |last1=Durrieu |first1=Sylvie |last2=Nelson |first2=Ross |title=Earth observation from space – The issue of environmental sustainability |journal=Space Policy |date=2013 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=238–250 |doi=10.1016/j.spacepol.2013.07.003 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013SpPol..29..238D}}</ref> These pollutants can include [[black carbon]], [[Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]], [[NOx|nitrogen oxides]] (NO<sub>x</sub>), [[aluminium]] and [[water vapour]], but the mix of pollutants is dependent on rocket design and fuel type.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dallas |first1=J. A. |last2=Raval |first2=S. |last3=Gaitan |first3=J. P. A. |last4=Saydam |first4=S. |last5=Dempster |first5=A. G. |date=2020 |title=The environmental impact of emissions from space launches: A comprehensive review |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=255 |bibcode=2020JCPro.25520209D |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120209}}</ref> The amount of [[Greenhouse gas|green house gases]] emitted by rockets is considered trivial as it contributes significantly less, around 0.01%,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miraux |first1=Lois |title=Environmental limits to the space sector's growth |journal=Science of the Total Environment |date=2022 |volume=806 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150862 |pmid=34637875 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.80650862M}}</ref> than the aviation industry yearly which itself accounts for 2-3% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name= "Durrieu" />

Rocket emissions in the [[stratosphere]] and their effects are only beginning to be studied and it is likely that the impacts will be more critical than emissions in the troposphere.<ref name="Gaston" /> The stratosphere includes the [[ozone layer]] and pollutants emitted from rockets can contribute to [[ozone depletion]] in a number of ways. [[Radical (chemistry)|Radicals]] such as NO<sub>x</sub>, HO<sub>x</sub>, and ClO<sub>x</sub> deplete stratospheric O<sub>3</sub> through intermolecular reactions and can have huge impacts in trace amounts.<ref name= "Durrieu" /> However, it is currently understood that launch rates would need to increase by ten times to match the impact of regulated ozone-depleting substances.<ref name="Ryan">{{cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Robert |last2=Marais |first2=Eloise |last3=Balhatchet |first3=Chloe |last4=Eastham |first4=Sebastian |title=Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate |journal=Earth's Future |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e2021EF002612 |doi=10.1029/2021EF002612 |pmid=35865359 |pmc=9287058 |bibcode=2022EaFut..1002612R}}</ref><ref name="Ross">{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Martin |last2=Toohey |first2=Darin |last3=Peinemann |first3=Manfred |last4=Ross |first4=Patrick |title=Limits on the Space Launch Market Related to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion |journal=Astropolitics |date=2009 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=50–82 |doi=10.1080/14777620902768867 |bibcode=2009AstPo...7...50R}}</ref> Whilst emissions of water vapour are largely deemed as inert, H<sub>2</sub>O is the source gas for HO<sub>x</sub> and can also contribute to ozone loss through the formation of ice particles.<ref name="Ryan" /> Black carbon particles emitted by rockets can absorb solar radiation in the stratosphere and cause warming in the surrounding air which can then impact the circulatory dynamics of the stratosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maloney |first1=Christopher |last2=Portmann |first2=Robert |last3=Ross |first3=Martin |last4=Rosenlof |first4=Karen |title=The Climate and Ozone Impacts of Black Carbon Emissions From Global Rocket Launches |journal= Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|date=2022 |volume=127 |issue=12 |doi=10.1029/2021JD036373 |bibcode=2022JGRD..12736373M |url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/53971 |access-date=19 May 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618175407/https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/53971 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both warming and changes in circulation can then cause depletion of the ozone layer.