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== Infrastructure == Sabah's public infrastructure are still lagged behind mostly due to its geographical challenges as the second largest state in Malaysia.<ref name="Group"/><ref name="infrastructure">{{cite web |url=http://www.sedia.com.my/SDC_Blueprint/Blueprint_Eng/5.DevelopInfrastructureandPeopleasKeyEnablersforSabah'sGrowth.pdf |title=(Chapter 5) Progressive Growth is Within Reach – Develop Infrastructure and People as Key Enablers for Sabah's Growth |publisher=Sabah Development Corridor |access-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627132056/http://www.sedia.com.my/SDC_Blueprint/Blueprint_Eng/5.DevelopInfrastructureandPeopleasKeyEnablersforSabah%27sGrowth.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2016 }}</ref> The Sabah Ministry of Infrastructure Development (formerly known as Ministry of Communication and Works) is responsible for all public infrastructure planning and development in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kpi.sabah.gov.my/Sejarah/SejarahPembangunan/tabid/81/Default.aspx |title=Sejarah Kementerian Pembangunan Infrastruktur Sabah |trans-title=History of the Ministry of Infrastructure Development Sabah |language=ms |publisher=Sabah Ministry of Infrastructure Development |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629034424/http://www.kpi.sabah.gov.my/Sejarah/SejarahPembangunan/tabid/81/Default.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> To narrow the development gap, the federal government are working to build more infrastructures and improve the already available one.<ref name="promised"/> In 2013, Sabah state government allocates RM1.583 billion for infrastructure and public facilities development,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sabah-allocates-rm1.583b-to-develop-infrastructure-public-facilities-next-y |title=Sabah allocates RM1.583b to develop infrastructure, public facilities next year |work=Bernama |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704144700/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sabah-allocates-rm1.583b-to-develop-infrastructure-public-facilities-next-y |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> of which the state were allocated another RM4.07 billion by the federal government in 2015 Malaysian Budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/11/10/sabah-allocated-rm4-07-billion-2015-budget/ |title=Sabah allocated RM4.07 billion in 2015 Budget |work=Bernama |publisher=The Rakyat Post |date=10 November 2014 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704150349/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/11/10/sabah-allocated-rm4-07-billion-2015-budget/ |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> Since the Eight Malaysia Plan (8MP) until 2014, a total of RM11.115 billion has been allocated for various infrastructure projects in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ministry-rm11b-for-infrastructure-projects-in-sabah-since-8mp |title=Ministry: RM11b for infrastructure projects in Sabah since 8MP |work=Bernama |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=28 October 2014 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704152857/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ministry-rm11b-for-infrastructure-projects-in-sabah-since-8mp |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> Under the [[Tenth Malaysia Plan]] (10MP), infrastructure in the rural areas was given attention with the increase of rural water, electricity supply and road coverage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy%20Paper%2004.pdf |title=Transforming Rural Areas to Uplift Wellbeing of Rural Communities (Strategy Paper 4) |publisher=11th Malaysia Plan, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department |access-date=16 July 2016 |page=3/15 (4–1) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715172201/http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy%20Paper%2004.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2016 }}</ref> Further large infrastructure allocation were delivered to both Sabah and Sarawak under the 2020 Malaysian Budget which include budget on improving connectivity and developing digital infrastructures for high speed internet in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/10/11/basketful-of-goodies-for-sabah-and-sarawak-in-budget-2020/|title=Basketful of 'goodies' for Sabah and Sarawak in Budget 2020|work=Bernama|publisher=The Malaysian Reserve|date=11 October 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030051916/https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/10/11/basketful-of-goodies-for-sabah-and-sarawak-in-budget-2020/|archive-date=30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sea.mashable.com/tech/6777/malaysia-is-investing-heavily-into-its-tech-landscape|title=Malaysia is investing heavily into its tech landscape|author=Tarvin Gill|publisher=Mashable Southeast Asia|date=11 October 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030052207/https://sea.mashable.com/tech/6777/malaysia-is-investing-heavily-into-its-tech-landscape|archive-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> === Energy and water resources === [[File:Kimanis Sabah Kimanis-Power-Plant-03.jpg|thumb|upright|High voltage [[transmission tower|electricity pylon]] located near the Kimanis Power Plant.]] Electricity distribution in the state as well in the [[Federal Territory (Malaysia)|Federal Territory]] of [[Labuan]] are operated and managed by the [[Sabah Electricity]] [[Private company limited by shares|Sdn. Bhd.]] (SESB). Sabah electrics are mostly generated from [[Diesel generator|diesel power plant]], [[hydropower]] and [[combined cycle]] power plants. The only main [[hydroelectric plant]] is the [[Tenom Pangi Dam]].<ref name="infrastructure"/> The combined cycle power plant called Kimanis Power Plant was completed in 2014, supplying 300 [[Megawatt|MW]], with 285 MW nominal capacity.<ref name="kpp">{{cite web |url=http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/16_November_2012-@-Kimanis_Power_Plant.aspx |title=Kimanis Power Plant |publisher=Economic Transformation Programme |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719044106/http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/16_November_2012-@-Kimanis_Power_Plant.aspx |archive-date=19 July 2016 }}</ref> The plant is a joint venture between Petronas and NRG Consortium that also includes facilities such as [[pipeline transport|gas pipeline]] of [[Sabah–Sarawak Gas Pipeline]] and a terminal of [[Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal]].<ref name="kpp"/> There is another two combined cycle power plants with a capacity of 380 MW operated by [[Ranhill Holdings Berhad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2016/09/05/ranhill-tipped-for-another-ipp/ |title=Ranhill tipped for another IPP, a 300 MW power plant in Sabah |author=M. Shanmugam |work=The Star |date=5 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> In 2009, the electricity coverage covers 67% of the state population and by 2011 increase to 80%.<ref name="infrastructure"/> The coverage reach 100% in 2012 after an allocation of RM962.5 million from the federal government were given to expand the coverage under the 2012 [[Malaysian federal budget|National Budget]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/10/14/100-power-supply-coverage-in-sabah-by-2012-%E2%80%93-sesb-latest/ |title=100% power supply coverage in Sabah by 2012 – SESB |author=Nancy Lai |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629054729/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/10/14/100-power-supply-coverage-in-sabah-by-2012-%E2%80%93-sesb-latest/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> The [[electrical grid]] is divided into two of West Coast and East Coast which has been integrated since 2007.<ref name="infrastructure"/> The West Coast Grid supplies electricity to Kota Kinabalu, Papar, Beaufort, Keningau, Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Kudat and Labuan with a capacity of 488.4 MW and maximum demand of 396.5 MW.<ref name="infrastructure"/> While the East Coast Grid supplies electricity to the major towns of Sandakan, Kinabatangan, Lahad Datu, Kunak, Semporna and Tawau with a capacity of 333.02 MW and maximum demand of 203.3 MW.<ref name="infrastructure"/> In 2018, the federal government has announced that Sabah electrical grid will be upgraded to reduce power interruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/749045-gov-t-to-upgrade-electricity-grid-in-sabah.html|title=Gov't To Upgrade Electricity Grid In Sabah|work=Bernama|publisher=Malaysian Digest|date=23 July 2018|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724163505/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/749045-gov-t-to-upgrade-electricity-grid-in-sabah.html|archive-date=24 July 2018|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Neighbouring Sarawak has also previously announced intention to provide additional electricity power to Sabah with full export will be finalised in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/06/21/sarawak-on-course-to-supply-power-to-sabah-and-brunei/|title=Sarawak on course to supply power to Sabah and Brunei|newspaper=The Borneo Post|date=21 June 2016|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718105210/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/06/21/sarawak-on-course-to-supply-power-to-sabah-and-brunei/|archive-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1516349/sarawak-power-firm-set-to-start-feeding-sabah-from-2021|title=Sarawak power firm set to start feeding Sabah from 2021|author=Sulok Tawie|newspaper=The Malay Mail|date=22 November 2017|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718105655/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1516349/sarawak-power-firm-set-to-start-feeding-sabah-from-2021|archive-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> [[Electricity interconnection]] between Sabah, the Indonesian province of [[North Kalimantan]] and the Philippine province of [[Palawan]] as well for the whole [[Mindanao]] islands are also in the process as part of the [[BIMP-EAGA]] and Borneo-Mindanao power interconnection under the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) Power Grid;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.detik.com/finance/energi/2308195/pln-akan-ekspor-listrik-dari-kalimantan-utara-ke-sabah-malaysia |title=PLN Akan Ekspor Listrik dari Kalimantan Utara Ke Sabah Malaysia |trans-title=PLN Will Export Electricity from North Kalimantan to Sabah Malaysia |language=id |publisher=[[DetikCom|Detik Finance]] |date=19 July 2013 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227201124/https://m.detik.com/finance/energi/2308195/pln-akan-ekspor-listrik-dari-kalimantan-utara-ke-sabah-malaysia |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esdm.go.id/index.php/post/view/pln-jalin-kerjasama-kelistrikan-dengan-sabah-electricity-sdn-bhd |title=PLN Jalin Kerjasama Kelistrikan dengan Sabah Electricity, Sdn. Bhd. |trans-title=PLN Develops Electricity Cooperation with Sabah Electricity, Sdn. Bhd. |language=id |publisher=Kementerian ESDM |date=13 January 2014 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227201021/http://www.esdm.go.id/index.php/post/view/pln-jalin-kerjasama-kelistrikan-dengan-sabah-electricity-sdn-bhd |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/12/borneo-mindanao-power-interconnection-pushed/|title=Borneo-Mindanao power interconnection pushed|author=Antonio Colina IV|newspaper=Manila Bulletin|date=12 July 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718110607/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/12/borneo-mindanao-power-interconnection-pushed/|archive-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> with the interconnection with Palawan is expected to be commenced in the nearest future.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/05/palawan-moving-closer-to-getting-power-from-sabah/ |title=Palawan moving closer to getting power from Sabah |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=5 November 2016 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227195034/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/05/palawan-moving-closer-to-getting-power-from-sabah/ |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/02/26/power-link-between-palawan-sabah-eyed-527966 |title=Power link between Palawan, Sabah eyed |work=Sunstar |publisher=[[Sun.Star Manila]] |date=26 February 2017 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227195308/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/02/26/power-link-between-palawan-sabah-eyed-527966 |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://palawan-news.com/power-linkage-pushed-between-palawan-sabah/ |title=Power linkage pushed between Palawan, Sabah |publisher=Rachel Ganancial |date=19 August 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> Since 2007, there is an attempt to establish a [[Fossil-fuel power station|coal power plant]] in Lahad Datu which receiving opposition from local residents and non-governmental organisations for the pollution that would be caused by the plant.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-power-sabah-idUSL3E7DH01Y20110217 |title=Malaysia scraps Sabah coal power plant project |author=Julie Goh |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629072457/https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-power-sabah-idUSL3E7DH01Y20110217 |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/10/17/sabah-coal-project/ |title=NGOs alarmed over reviving Sabah coal power plant |author=Ruben Sario |work=The Star |date=17 October 2013 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629070454/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/10/17/sabah-coal-project/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> Thus Sabah has start to exploring alternative ways to generate electricity with the usage of [[renewable energy]] such as [[solar energy|solar]], [[small hydro|mini hydro]], [[biomass]], [[geothermal energy|geothermal]] and micro-algae and [[tidal power|tidal]] technologies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/09/21/renewable-energy-powerful-coal-fired-power-plant/ |title=Renewable energy more powerful than a coal-fired power plant |author=Sandra Sokial |newspaper=The Rakyat Post |date=21 September 2014 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629065342/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/09/21/renewable-energy-powerful-coal-fired-power-plant/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/430 |title=Radin: Govt supports renewable energy in Sabah |author=Mohd Izham B. Hashim |publisher=New Sabah Times |date=28 October 2015 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629073515/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/430 |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> The [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]] has extended aid totalling RM172,190.93 for the solar electrification project in the island of [[Larapan Island|Larapan]] in Sabah's east coast in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kotakinabalu.my.emb-japan.go.jp/en/100310.html |title=Grassroots Grant Assistance Project for Electrification of Community Centre by Solar Energy in Pulau Larapan, Sabah |publisher=Consular Office of Japan in Kota Kinabalu |date=10 March 2010 |access-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811101231/http://www.kotakinabalu.my.emb-japan.go.jp/en/100310.html |archive-date=11 August 2016 }}</ref> In 2016, a research by United States GeothermEx Inc. and Jacobs New Zealand indicated the existence of an active geothermal system centred around the flanks of Mount Maria on Apas Kiri where it is suitable for Malaysia's first geothermal plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/08/08/steaming-up-some-extra-energy-malaysias-first-geothermal-power-plant-to-open-in-tawau/ |title=Malaysia's first geothermal power plant to open in Tawau |work=The Star |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> The construction for the first geothermal plant that expected to be completed in 2017 however was abandoned by the previous government in the mid-2016 with no sign of further progress.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/12/06/sabah-geothermal-power-plant-project-found-abandoned-dewan-rakyat-told/1700621 |title=Sabah geothermal power plant project found abandoned, Dewan Rakyat told |work=Bernama |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021071110/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/12/06/sabah-geothermal-power-plant-project-found-abandoned-dewan-rakyat-told/1700621 |archive-date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> A South Korean company [[GS Caltex]] also sets to build Malaysia's first [[bio-butanol]] plant in the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=113261 |title=Koreans eye Sabah to site world's first bio-butanol plant |newspaper=Daily Express |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014054503/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=113261 |archive-date=14 October 2016 }}</ref> [[File:Babagon Sabah Babagon-Dam-02.jpg|thumb|left|Babagon Dam, the biggest water catchment in the state.]] Piped [[water supply]] in the state is managed by the Sabah State Water Department, an agency under the control of Sabah Ministry of Infrastructure Development. Operating with 73 water treatments plants, an average of 1.19 billion litres of water are distributed daily to meet Sabahan residents demands.<ref name="water supply">{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/air/?q=content/background-history |title=Background / History |publisher=Sabah State Water Department |access-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701083423/http://www.sabah.gov.my/air/?q=content%2Fbackground-history |archive-date=1 July 2016 }}</ref> The coverage of water supply in major towns has reach 100% while in rural areas, the coverage still around 75% with total public pipes length up to 15,031 kilometres.<ref name="water supply"/> Some communities use [[gravity water system]]s.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2019|title=Kota Belud village gets new gravity water system {{!}} Daily Express Online – Sabah's Leading News Portal|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/139492/kota-belud-village-gets-new-gravity-water-system-/|access-date=6 January 2022|website=www.dailyexpress.com.my}}</ref> The only water supply dam in the state is the Babagon Dam which holds 21,000 million litres of water.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2015/03/27/second-dam-needed-for-sabah/ |title=Second dam needed for Sabah |work=The Star |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> To meet the increase demands, another dam named as Kaiduan Dam was being proposed to be built although being met with protest from local villagers who living on the proposed site.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104692 |title=Kaiduan Dam project on: Pairin |newspaper=Daily Express |date=24 November 2015 |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719073146/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104692 |archive-date=19 July 2016 }}</ref> Sabah has a natural gas demand of {{convert|350|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=off|lk=on|order=flip}} per day at [[Standard temperature and pressure|standard conditions]] in 2013, which increase to {{convert|523|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit|order=flip}} per day in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy%20Paper%2017.pdf |title=Sustainable Usage of Energy to Support Growth (Strategy Paper 17) |publisher=11th Malaysia Plan, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department |access-date=29 June 2016 |page=8/30 (17–6) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629080617/http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy%20Paper%2017.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> As Malaysia's [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) are much cheaper through the [[subsidy]] that was given by the federal government, it was found out in 2015 that around 20,000 LPG cylinders in Sabah east coast were [[smuggling|smuggled]] by immigrants from neighbouring Indonesia and the southern Philippines in a monthly basis to their countries that leading to many Sabahans hard to retrieve enough supplies of LPG.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104944 |title=Losing 20,000 LPG cylinders to Sebatik |newspaper=Daily Express |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630062451/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104944 |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref> As a counter-measure, the [[Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism]] (MDTCAC) has temporarily cancelled all permits to sell gas cylinders into neighbouring countries with a new policy will be implemented to control such illegal activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/print/1663 |title=All permits for LPG sale in Sebatik cancelled |author=Michael Teh |publisher=New Sabah Times |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630064321/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/print/1663 |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109815 |title=New policy soon on LPG cylinders |newspaper=Daily Express |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630063955/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109815 |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref> === Telecommunication and broadcasting === [[File:Lahad-Datu Sabah Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-01a.jpg|thumb|upright|Telecommunication towers atop Mount Silam facing [[Darvel Bay]] of Lahad Datu.]] Telecommunication in Sabah and Sarawak were originally administered by Posts and Telecommunication Department until 1967,<ref name="telecom">{{cite web |url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/983/3/CHAPT2.pdf |title=Chapter 2: An Overview of the Telecommunications Industry in Malaysia |publisher=University of Malaya |access-date=2 July 2016 |page=2/21 (7) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702120800/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/983/3/CHAPT2.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> and maintained by the British [[Cable & Wireless Communications]] before all telecommunications management in the state been takeover by Peninsular-based company.<ref name="changing role">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19970517&id=6PxOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5076,2413004 |title=Changing role of the Telecoms Department |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=17 May 1997 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> The British telecommunication company have establish a [[submarine communications cable|submarine cable]] that linking Kota Kinabalu with Singapore and [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].<ref name="changing role"/> Following the expansion of the Peninsular-based company on 1 January 1968, Sabah Posts and Telecommunication Department was merged with the Peninsular telecommunication department to form Telecommunications Department Malaysia. All operations under Telecommunications Department Malaysia was then transferred to Syarikat [[Telekom Malaysia]] Berhad (STM) which become a public listed company in 1991 with the federal government retained a majority shareholding.<ref name="telecom"/> There are also other telecommunication companies operating in the state although only providing cellular phone facilities. In 2006, the state has the lowest Direct Exchange Line (DEL) penetration rate, with cellular and internet dial-up penetrations rate only 6.5 per 100 inhabitants.<ref name="infrastructure"/> Most residents from the low income groups would rather use mobile phones internet or use internet at their offices instead of setting up internet access at home due to the expensive cost and slow services.<ref name="infrastructure"/> Until the end of 2014, there were only 934 telecommunication hotspots in Sabah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/07/31/salleh-has-work-cut-out-for-him/ |title=Sabah and Sarawak likely to get more for telecommunications and broadcasting |author=B.K. Sidhu |work=The Star |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702210709/http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/07/31/salleh-has-work-cut-out-for-him/ |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> Due to this, the government are working to increase the penetration and capability of internet connection as well to bridge the gap between Sabah and the Peninsular.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=93807 |title=Positive steps to increase Internet penetration: Pang |newspaper=Daily Express |date=22 November 2014 |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702205823/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=93807 |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> From 2016, [[Unifi (internet service provider)|Unifi]] [[optical fibre|fibre optic]] coverage began to expand to other towns aside from the main city and major towns,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-borneo-post-sabah/20160329/282565902274773|title=TM to expand UniFi coverage in Sabah|author=Chok Sim Yee|work=The Borneo Post|via=[[PressReader]]|date=29 March 2016|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> alongside [[Celcom]] and [[Maxis Communications|Maxis]] by the following year with a speed up to 100 [[Mbit/s]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2017/09/09/fast-and-stable-internet-connection-maxis-unveils-fibre-coverage-with-unlimited-data-and-calls-for-s/|title=Fast and stable Internet connection|author=Stephanie Lee|work=The Star|date=9 September 2017|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220113911/https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2017/09/09/fast-and-stable-internet-connection-maxis-unveils-fibre-coverage-with-unlimited-data-and-calls-for-s/|archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysianwireless.com/2017/09/celcom-fibre-sabah/|title=Celcom Fibre service now available in Sabah, up to 100Mbps|publisher=Malaysian Wireless|date=22 September 2017|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220113213/https://www.malaysianwireless.com/2017/09/celcom-fibre-sabah/|archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> In 2019, [[Digi Telecommunications|Digi]] launches its home fibre broadband in Sabah with speed up to 1 [[Gbit/s]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soyacincau.com/2019/09/06/digi-home-fibre-broadband-sabah-launch/|title=Digi launches Home Fibre Broadband in Sabah, up to 1Gbps|author=Alexander Wong|publisher=SoyaCincau|date=6 September 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030054744/https://www.soyacincau.com/2019/09/06/digi-home-fibre-broadband-sabah-launch/|archive-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> The mobile telecommunications in Sabah are mostly use [[4G]] and [[3G]] and there is also a free rural [[Wi-Fi]] services provided by the federal government known as the ''Kampung Tanpa Wayar [[1Malaysia]]'' (KTW) although Malaysia's government-provided public internet speeds are among the slower than many other countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skmm.gov.my/media/press-clippings/coverage-not-reason-for-sabah%E2%80%99s-low-broadband-pene |title=Coverage not reason for Sabah's low broadband penetration |work=The Borneo Post |publisher=[[Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission]] |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912034227/https://www.skmm.gov.my/media/press-clippings/coverage-not-reason-for-sabah%E2%80%99s-low-broadband-pene |archive-date=12 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/annualreport2013/upload/ENG/11_NKEA09_ENG_CCI.pdf |title=Communications Content & Infrastructure |publisher=Economic Transformation Programme |year=2013 |access-date=3 July 2016 |page=194 (15/20) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702213103/http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/annualreport2013/upload/ENG/11_NKEA09_ENG_CCI.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> [[File:Radio stations advertisement in KK, Sabah.jpg|thumb|left|The advertisement of Peninsular-based radio stations: [[Era FM]], [[My FM]] and [[Hitz FM (Malaysia)|Hitz FM]] in a building, showing the radios had set up their offices in the capital city of Sabah.]] The previous state internet traffic are routed through a hub in Malaysia's capital of Kuala Lumpur, passing through a submarine cable connecting the Peninsular with Kota Kinabalu. The systems are considered as costly and inefficient especially due to the price of leasing [[bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] with the large distance.<ref name="Group"/> In 2000, there is a plan to establish Sabah own internet hub but the plan was unreachable due to the high cost and low usage rates in the state. Other alternative plan including using the Brunei internet [[gateway (telecommunications)|gateway]] in a short term before establishing Sabah own gateway.<ref name="Group"/> By 2016, the federal government has start to establish the first internet gateway for East Malaysia with the laying of 60 [[terabyte]] submarine cable which are developed by a private company named Xiddig Cellular Communications Sdn. Bhd. at a cost of about RM850 million through the [[Private finance initiative|Private Funding Initiative]] (PFI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/dpm-launches-east-malaysia-international-internet-gateway-project |title=DPM launches East Malaysia International Internet Gateway project |work=Bernama |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=23 July 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816193841/http://m.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/dpm-launches-east-malaysia-international-internet-gateway-project |archive-date=16 August 2016 }}</ref> Under the 2015 Malaysian Budget project of 1Malaysia Cable System Project (SKR1M), a new submarine cable for high speed internet has been built from Kota Kinabalu to [[Pahang]] in the Peninsular which completed in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104819 |title=Undersea stations to turn Sabah into telecom hub |newspaper=Daily Express |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709041323/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104819 |archive-date=9 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/23/tm-sabah-to-install-additional-30000-home-passes-for-unifi-service-2/|title=TM Sabah to install additional 30,000 'home passes' for Unifi service|work=Bernama|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=23 June 2017|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022162504/http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/23/tm-sabah-to-install-additional-30000-home-passes-for-unifi-service-2/|archive-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> The 1Malaysia submarine cable system linking the state capital with [[Miri, Malaysia|Miri]], [[Bintulu]] and [[Kuching]] in Sarawak together with [[Mersing]] in Johor with an increase of bandwidth capacity up to 12 [[terabyte per second]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/08/15/faster-cheaper-internet-access-soon/ |title=Faster, cheaper Internet access in the pipeline |author=Ruben Sario |work=The Star |date=15 August 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> Another submarine cable, the BIMP-EAGA Submarine and Terrestrial (BEST) Cable Project is currently being built from Kota Kinabalu to Tawau to connecting Sabah with Brunei, Kalimantan and Mindanao which will be completed in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Economy&title=bimp-eaga-cable-project-to-improve-internet-in-armm&id=113280 |title=BIMP-EAGA cable project to improve Internet in ARMM |author=Carmencita A. Carillo |newspaper=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=12 August 2015 |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920043923/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Economy&title=bimp-eaga-cable-project-to-improve-internet-in-armm&id=113280 }}</ref> In early 2016, a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) was signed between the state government and China's largest networking company, [[Huawei]] to set Sabah to become [[information and communications technology]] (ICT) hub by leveraging on Huawei's ICT expertise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/03/07/sabah-set-to-be-regional-ict-hub-with-telco-deal/ |title=Sabah set to be regional ICT hub with telco deal |work=The Star |date=7 March 2016 |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702222153/http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/03/07/sabah-set-to-be-regional-ict-hub-with-telco-deal/ |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> More free high speed Wi-Fi hotspots are being planned in Sabah, especially to the state capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/05/145630/mcmc-proposes-free-wifi-kota-kinabalu |title=MCMC proposes free WiFi for Kota Kinabalu |work=Bernama |publisher=New Straits Times |date=14 May 2016 |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702224440/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/05/145630/mcmc-proposes-free-wifi-kota-kinabalu |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Broadcasting-Complex-02.jpg|thumb|right|The building of Ministry of Communications and Multimedia Integrated Complex in [[Donggongon]] - the main office of Sabah RTM.]] Sabah launched its radio service on 9 November 1955, which became a part of Radio Malaysia when it joined Malaysia in 1963 and later part of the bigger [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia]] (RTM) in 1969, when the nation's radio and television operations merged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rtmsabah.gov.my/sejarah.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119072720/http://rtmsabah.gov.my/sejarah.htm|title=rtmkk|website=rtmsabah.gov.my|archive-date=19 January 2009}}</ref> On 28 December 1971, RTM launched a third TV station solely for Sabah. But following the construction of earth satellite station near [[Kuantan]], [[Pahang]] and [[Kinarut]] for communications and television broadcast via the [[Intelsat|Indian Ocean Intelsat III satellite]] and the introduction of TV1 on 30 August 1975 and TV2 on 31 August 1983 in the state, it ceased to air by mid-1985. RTM has four branches in the state - a main office in capital city Kota Kinabalu and three other offices in Keningau, Sandakan and Tawau. The main office produces news and shows for RTM's television channels and operates two state radio channels, namely Sabah FM and Sabah V FM, whereas three other offices operate district radio channels such as Keningau FM, Sandakan FM and Tawau FM. Other radio channels in the state include KK FM which is operated by [[Universiti Malaysia Sabah]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ums.edu.my/kkfm/index.php/pengenalan |title=KKFM 91.1 MHz (Pengenalan) |trans-title=KKFM 91.1 MHz (Introduction) |language=ms |publisher=Universiti Malaysia Sabah |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231050/http://www.ums.edu.my/kkfm/index.php/pengenalan |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> and Bayu FM which is only available through [[Astro (Malaysian satellite television)|Astro]], the Malaysian main satellite television.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astro.com.my/whats-on/channel/bayu-fm/32 |title=Bayu FM |publisher=Astro |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-date=11 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711175023/http://www.astro.com.my/whats-on/channel/bayu-fm/32 }}</ref> Several newly independent radio station have recently been launched in the state, namely [[Kupi-Kupi FM]] in 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kupikupifm.my/official-launch-of-kupikupi-fm-96-3/|title=Official Launch of Kupikupi FM 96.3|publisher=[[Kupi-Kupi FM]]|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702232604/http://kupikupifm.my/official-launch-of-kupikupi-fm-96-3/|archive-date=2 July 2016|date=28 January 2016}}</ref> [[KK12FM]] and [[VOKFM]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kk12fm.com/|title=KK12FM|publisher=[[KK12FM]]|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vokfmsabah.com/|title=VOKFM|publisher=[[VOKFM]]|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019111611/http://www.vokfmsabah.com/}}</ref> Other Peninsular-based radio stations also had set up their offices in the state to tap the emerging market. Sabahan DJs are mostly hired and local state songs will be played to meet Sabahan listeners taste and slang. Television broadcasting in the state is divided into [[terrestrial television|terrestrial]] and satellite television. As Malaysia aims for [[digital television transition]], all [[analog television|analogue signal]] will be shut down soon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/01/08/digital-television-broadcasting-now-a-trend-necessity-expert/ |title=Digital television broadcasting now a trend, necessity – Expert |work=Bernama |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704160201/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/01/08/digital-television-broadcasting-now-a-trend-necessity-expert/ |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> There are two types of [[free-to-air]] television provider such as [[MYTV Broadcasting]] (digital terrestrial) and [[Astro NJOI]] (satellite). On the other hand, [[IPTV]] is available via the [[Unifi TV]] through Unifi fibre optic internet subscription.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/22/tm-sabah-to-install-additional-30000-home-passes-for-unifi-service/ |title=TM Sabah to install additional 30,000 'home passes' for UniFi service |work=Bernama |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912033902/http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/22/tm-sabah-to-install-additional-30000-home-passes-for-unifi-service/ |archive-date=12 September 2018 }}</ref> The state first established newspaper is the Sabah Times (rebranded as the [[New Sabah Times]]), founded by Fuad Stephens, who became the first Chief Minister of Sabah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/profile |title=History of "Sabah Times" |publisher=New Sabah Times |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529064451/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/profile }}</ref> Other main newspapers include the independent [[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://dailyexpress.com.my/about.cfm |title=About Us |newspaper=Daily Express |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> [[Overseas Chinese Daily News]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocdn.com.my/ |script-title=zh:「华侨日报」 | language = zh-hans |publisher=Overseas Chinese Daily News |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> the Sarawak-based [[The Borneo Post]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/news/sabah/ |title=Sabah News Section |newspaper=The Borneo Post |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> the Peninsular-based [[Sin Chew Daily]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sinchew.com.my/ |title=Home |language=zh |publisher=Sin Chew Daily |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> and the Brunei-based [[Borneo Bulletin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://borneobulletin.com.bn/ |title=The Independent Newspaper in Brunei Darussalam, Sabah and Sarawak |publisher=Borneo Bulletin |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> === Transportation === [[File:Kota Kinabalu Highway, Sabah.jpg|thumb|left|[[Controlled-access highway|Eight-lane highway]] in the capital city of Kota Kinabalu, part of the [[Pan-Borneo Highway]].]] Sabah has a total of {{convert|21934|km}} road network in 2016, of which {{convert|11355|km}} are [[sealed road]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/06/11355km-of-21934km-sabah-roads-sealed/ |title=11,355km of 21,934km Sabah roads sealed |author=Nancy Lai |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=6 April 2016 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710052653/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/06/11355km-of-21934km-sabah-roads-sealed/ |archive-date=10 July 2016 }}</ref> Before the formation of Malaysia, the state together with Sarawak only has rudimentary road systems.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashoka Mody |title=Infrastructure Strategies in East Asia: The Untold Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSVNQi3UZKgC&pg=PA35 |year=1997 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-4027-1 |page=35}}</ref> Most [[trunk road]]s was then constructed from the 1970s until the 1980s under the [[World Bank]] loans. In 2005, 61% of road coverage in the state were still [[gravel road|gravel]] and unpaved, comprising {{convert|1428|km}} [[Malaysian Federal Roads system|federal roads]] and {{convert|14249|km}} [[Malaysian State Roads system|state roads]], of which {{convert|6094|km}} are sealed while the remaining {{convert|9583|km}} were gravel and unpaved roads.<ref name="infrastructure"/> This led to great disparity between roads in the state with those in the Peninsular, with only 38.9% are sealed while 89.4% have been sealed in the Peninsular. Due to this, SDC was implemented to expand the road coverage in Sabah along with the construction of [[Pan-Borneo Highway]]. Since the 9MP, various road projects has been undertaken under the SDC and around RM50 million has been spent to repairs Sabah main roads since the 8MP.<ref name="infrastructure"/> The high cost to repair roads frequently has led the Sabah state government to find other alternative ways to connecting every major districts by tunnelling roads through highlands which will also saving time and fuel as the distance being shortened as well to bypass landslides.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=89684 |title=Road tunnel construction plan |newspaper=Daily Express |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715170304/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=89684 |archive-date=15 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tunnelsonline.info/news/sabah-considers-tunnels-to-bypass-landslides-220514-4275012 |title=Sabah considers tunnels to bypass landslides |publisher=Tunnels Online |date=22 May 2014 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715170943/http://www.tunnelsonline.info/news/sabah-considers-tunnels-to-bypass-landslides-220514-4275012 |archive-date=15 July 2016 }}</ref> In early 2016, the expansion project of Pan-Borneo Highway has been launched to expand the road size from [[single carriageway]] to four-lane road, while city highway been expand from four-lane to eight-lane as well with the construction of new routes which will connect the state with Sarawak, Brunei and the [[Trans Kalimantan Highway]] in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=412 |title=Highway completion to make Borneo a huge mart |newspaper=Daily Express |date=5 September 2010 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716054100/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=412 |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141808/pan-borneo-highway-link-thousand-opportunities |title=Pan Borneo Highway – link of a thousand opportunities |work=Bernama |publisher=New Straits Times |date=27 April 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716052630/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141808/pan-borneo-highway-link-thousand-opportunities |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref> The project is divided into two packages: the first package covering the West Coast area will complete in 2021, while the second covering the East Coast area will finish in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141161/najib-arrives-sabah-launch-sabah-pan-borneo-highway-project |title=Najib arrives in Sabah to launch Sabah Pan-Borneo Highway project |author=Kristy Inus |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=24 April 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716054353/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141161/najib-arrives-sabah-launch-sabah-pan-borneo-highway-project |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/05/29/pan-borneo-sabah-highway-by-2022/ |title=Pan Borneo Sabah Highway by 2022 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=29 May 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716054847/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/05/29/pan-borneo-sabah-highway-by-2022/ |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="pan borneo">{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/04/12/first-step-to-big-change-construction-of-sabahs-side-of-rm29bil-highway-project-to-roll-out/ |title=First step to big change |author=Mazwan Nik Anis |work=The Star |date=12 April 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> All state roads are maintained under the state's Public Works Department,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Main Page |journal=Scholarpedia |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |publisher=Sabah Public Works Department |bibcode=2006SchpJ...1....1I |last1=Izhikevich |first1=Eugene |year=2006 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> while federal roads maintained by the national [[Malaysian Public Works Department|Public Works Department]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Main Page |journal=Scholarpedia |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |publisher=Public Works Department |bibcode=2006SchpJ...1....1I |last1=Izhikevich |first1=Eugene |year=2006 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Pengalat-Besar Sabah Pengalat-Railway-Tunnel-05.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sabah State Railway]] train passing through a tunnel of the [[Western Sabah Railway Line|Western Line]] in Pengalat Besar, [[Papar District]].]] [[File:Boats and ferries in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.jpg|thumb|right|Boats and ferries at the Kota Kinabalu marina.]] Sabah uses a [[dual carriageway]] with the [[left- and right-hand traffic|left-hand traffic rule]].<ref name="pan borneo"/><ref name="Thiessen2012">{{cite book |author=Tamara Thiessen |title=Borneo: Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCDkRTYwN5AC&pg=PA18 |year=2012 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-390-0 |pages=18–219}}</ref> All major towns in Sabah provide public transportation services such as buses, taxis and vans along with [[Grab (company)|Grab]] services. The [[KK Sentral]] operating express [[bus]] services from the city to [[Beaufort, Malaysia|Beaufort]], [[Sipitang]], [[Menumbok]], [[Lawas]] and [[Brunei]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/07/28/launch-of-a-new-landmark-for-kota-kinabalu/|title=Launch of a new landmark for Kota Kinabalu|work=Bernama|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=28 July 2019|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729084727/https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/07/28/launch-of-a-new-landmark-for-kota-kinabalu/|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sabahnewstoday.com/kk-sentral-kini-mula-beroperasi/|title=KK Sentral kini mula beroperasi|trans-title=KK Sentral is now operational|author=Mohd Adam Arinin|language=ms|publisher=Sabah News Today|date=22 July 2019|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729082701/https://www.sabahnewstoday.com/kk-sentral-kini-mula-beroperasi/|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> The [[BRT Kota Kinabalu]] is currently under construction to provide [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT) system in Sabah's capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104693 |title=RM1b Bus Rapid Transport system ready 2020: CM |newspaper=Daily Express |date=24 November 2015 |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728051626/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104693 |archive-date=28 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109053 |title=BRT KK to have 25km of dedicated bus lanes |newspaper=Daily Express |date=23 April 2016 |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728051935/http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109053 |archive-date=28 July 2016 }}</ref> A rail transport through the [[Western Sabah Railway Line|Western Line]] operated by the [[Sabah State Railway]] provides daily services for commuters, travellers, as well as for cargo transportation. A separate company owned by Sutera Harbour known as the North Borneo Railway operates leisure tour for tourists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suteraharbour.com/north-borneo-railway |title=North Borneo Railway |publisher=Sutera Harbour |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718104110/http://www.suteraharbour.com/north-borneo-railway |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> The train station and terminal is located in [[Tanjung Aru railway station|Tanjung Aru]], not far from the city airport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/borneo.htm |title=The North Borneo Railway Project |author=Rob Dickinson |publisher=The International Steam Pages |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328052920/http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/borneo.htm |archive-date=28 March 2013 }}</ref> Other main stations including in [[Papar railway station (Malaysia)|Papar]], [[Beaufort railway station, Sabah|Beaufort]] and [[Tenom railway station|Tenom]]. The current [[Aeropod]] projects on the main station in Tanjung Aru will modernise the station and provide a provision for future [[light rail|light rail transit]] (LRT).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=102904 |title=Provision for LRT in Aeropod project |newspaper=Daily Express |date=4 September 2015 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718101620/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=102904 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> In early 2016, the state government has purchased a new [[diesel multiple unit]] (DMU) for about RM8 million to replace the old train used between Beaufort and Tenom while the rail line from Halogilat and Tenom will be upgrading by the federal government at the cost of RM99.5 million along with the arrival of another three DMUs that will be received in early 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=111226 |title=New DMU train by January |newspaper=Daily Express |date=10 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718105210/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=111226 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> [[Kota Kinabalu International Airport]] is the main gateway to Sabah.<ref name="KKIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports/KKIA|title=Kota Kinabalu International Airport|publisher=[[Ministry of Transport (Malaysia)|Ministry of Transport, Malaysia]]|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522063304/http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports/KKIA|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> In 2005, the Malaysian federal government approved major renovation and refurbishment works to the main terminal (Terminal 1) as well as a runway expansion with construction began in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=1039|title=KKIA the perfect gateway to M'sia from east|author1=James Sarda|author2=Maria Chin|newspaper=Daily Express|date=10 November 2012|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522064031/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=1039|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> As a result of the expansion, the airport is able to accommodate large passenger aircraft such as the [[Boeing 747]].<ref name="KKIA"/> It has also become the second busiest airport in [[Malaysia]], after [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport]] (KLIA) in West Malaysia.<ref name="KKIA"/> In 2018, the [[Malaysia Airlines]] conducts test flight for its new long-range capability passenger aircraft of [[Airbus A350]] to the airport from Kuala Lumpur as a replacement to the largest aircraft of [[Airbus A380]] since it is too large for Malaysian aviation markets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/01/10/mas-airbus-a350-conducts-test-flight-to-kkia/|title= MAS Airbus A350 conducts test flight to KKIA|newspaper=The Borneo Post|date=10 January 2018|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522065231/https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/01/10/mas-airbus-a350-conducts-test-flight-to-kkia/|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Other smaller airports in Sabah including [[Kudat Airport]], [[Lahad Datu Airport]], [[Sandakan Airport]] and [[Tawau Airport]]. [[Layang-Layang Airport]] in [[Swallow Reef]] served as a military and civilian airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports|title=Location of airports in Malaysia [Sabah]|publisher=Ministry of Transport, Malaysia|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605135252/http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://amti.csis.org/chinas-airfield-construction-at-fiery-cross-reef-in-context-catch-up-or-coercion/|title=China's Airfield Construction at Fiery Coast Reef in Context: Catch-up or Coercion?|author1=Michael S. Chase|author2=Ben Purser|publisher=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative|date=29 July 2015|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522050323/https://amti.csis.org/chinas-airfield-construction-at-fiery-cross-reef-in-context-catch-up-or-coercion/|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Three airlines fly from Peninsular Malaysia to Sabah: Malaysia Airlines, [[AirAsia]], and [[Malindo Air]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/bki/airlines-that-fly-to-kota-kinabalu-airport.html |title=Airlines flying from Malaysia to Kota Kinabalu |publisher=Sky Scanner |access-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717024507/https://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/bki/airlines-that-fly-to-kota-kinabalu-airport.html |archive-date=17 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sabah Air]] is a helicopter [[air charter|chartered flight]] company owned by the Sabah state government, serving flights for aerial sightseeing to interested customers as well for the transportation of state government servants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabahair.com.my/about.html |title=About Us |publisher=Sabah Air |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717030547/http://www.sabahair.com.my/about.html |archive-date=17 July 2016 }}</ref> [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah KKIA-01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kota Kinabalu International Airport]] (Terminal 1).]] Sabah has a total of eight ports operating in Sepanggar, Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Kudat, Kunak and Lahad Datu.<ref name="sabah ports"/> The Sapangar Bay Container Port is the main [[transshipment]] hub for the BIMP-EAGA region. Another port, the Sapangar Bay Oil Terminal is the main terminal for refined petroleum products and liquid chemical in the West Coast. Kota Kinabalu Port remain as a general cargo port. While all ports in the northern and eastern Sabah served to handle palm oil related products such as fertiliser, [[palm kernel]] as well for general cargo.<ref name="sabah ports"/> Ferry service in the West Coast side provide trips to Labuan from the Jesselton Point Waterfront and [[Menumbok]] Ferry Terminal in [[Kuala Penyu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jesseltonpoint.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=4#labuan |title=Ferry Service to Labuan |publisher=Jesselton Point |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123401/http://jesseltonpoint.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=4#labuan |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/08/19/new-labuan-menumbok-ferry-operates-three-round-trips-daily/ |title=New Labuan-Menumbok ferry operates three round trips daily |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=19 August 2012 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718115403/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/08/19/new-labuan-menumbok-ferry-operates-three-round-trips-daily/ |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> In the East Coast, the service are provided from the Tawau Ferry Terminal to Nunukan and [[Tarakan, North Kalimantan|Tarakan]] in Kalimantan, Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etawau.com/HTML/Travel/Ferry_Terminal.htm |title=Tawau Ferry Terminal |publisher=e-tawau |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718132557/http://www.etawau.com/HTML/Travel/Ferry_Terminal.htm |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> There is also ferry services from Sandakan to [[Zamboanga City]] and a new one that was planned from Kudat to Buliluyan, [[Bataraza]] of [[Palawan]] in the Philippines, but both services were terminated at the moment due to lack of security enforcement from the Philippine side prior to the persistent attack by pirates and kidnapping by militant groups based in the Sulu Archipelago of the southern Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110304 |title=No hurry on Kudat- Palawan ferry service |newspaper=Daily Express |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718140146/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110304 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110950 |title=Sabah's action justified: Teo |newspaper=Daily Express |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718141337/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110950 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> The planned ferry service from Kudat to Palawan was restored on 1 February 2017 after the increasing of security enforcement from the Philippines side,<ref name="economy resumed"/> but were postponed again until present mainly due to both ferry operators from Malaysia and the Philippines facing difficulties in complying with the necessary requirements and permits imposed by both national and state authorities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=123435 |title=Kudat-Palawan ferry unlikely to start soon |author=Nikko Fabian |newspaper=Daily Express |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314150037/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=123435 |archive-date=14 March 2018 }}</ref> === Healthcare === {{see also|List of hospitals in Malaysia}} [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Gleneagles-Hospital-01.jpg|thumb|left|Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu, one of the main [[private hospital]]s in Sabah.]] Sabah has four major government hospitals: [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu|Queen Elizabeth Hospital]], [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital II]], [[Duchess of Kent Hospital]] and Tawau Hospital followed by 13 other government districts hospitals,<ref group="note">See [[List of hospitals in Malaysia]].</ref> women and children hospital, mental hospital, public health clinics, [[1Malaysia#1Malaysia clinics|1Malaysia clinics]] and rural clinics. Besides government-owned hospitals and clinics, there are also a number of private hospitals such as: Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu, [[KPJ Sabah Specialist Hospital|KPJ Specialist Hospital]], Damai Specialist Centre (DSC), Rafflesia Specialist Centre (RSC) and Jesselton Medical Centre (JMC).<ref name="docs exodus">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=99109 |title=Exodus of govt docs |newspaper=Daily Express |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822055910/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=99109 |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> There is also an addiction treatment facility known as [[Solace Sabah]] in the state capital to treat problems related to alcoholism and [[addiction|drug addiction]]. In 2011, the state's doctor-patient ratio was 1:2,480 – lower than the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommendation of 1 doctor to 600 patients.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/07/23/data-on-shortage-of-doctors-a-wake-up-call-mp/ |title=Data on shortage of doctors a wake-up call – MP |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822123933/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/07/23/data-on-shortage-of-doctors-a-wake-up-call-mp/ |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> Because of the heavy workload and lack of interest from younger graduates, Sabah is facing the shortage of doctors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-asia/2010/07/08/sabah-sarawak-facing-doctor-shortage |title=Sabah, Sarawak facing doctor shortage |work=Bernama |publisher=The Brunei Times |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822141901/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-asia/2010/07/08/sabah-sarawak-facing-doctor-shortage |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> Many doctors who once served under the government hospitals have decided to move to private hospitals instead because of the heavy workload with low salaries in government hospitals although private hospitals won't easily recruiting them with some applications have been turned down.<ref name="docs exodus"/> Thus to prevent the continuous shortage of doctors, the federal government has initiated various measure to produce more physicians with massive funds has been allocated to healthcare sector in every year country budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/4175/Government-provides-more-physicians-for-better-healthcare-of-Malaysians/ |title=Government provides more physicians for better healthcare of Malaysians |work=Bernama |publisher=[[New Sarawak Tribune]] |date=30 April 2013 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822144054/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/4175/Government-provides-more-physicians-for-better-healthcare-of-Malaysians/ |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> === Education === {{main|List of schools in Sabah|List of universities in Malaysia}} [[File:KotaKinabalu-Universiti-Malaysia-Sabah-LamanCanselori-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Universiti Malaysia Sabah]] (UMS) chancellory building.]] All primary and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction and observation of the Sabah State Education Department, under the guidance of the national [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Education]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jpnsabah.moe.gov.my/ |title=Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Sabah (Sabah State Education Department) |publisher=Sabah State Education Department |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203172942/http://jpnsabah.moe.gov.my/ }}</ref> The oldest schools in Sabah are: [[St. Michael's Secondary School|St. Michael's School Sandakan]] (1886), [[SM St. Michael, Penampang|St. Michael's School Penampang]] (1888), All Saints' School, Likas (1903) and St. Patrick's School Tawau (1917).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/Can-you-blame-Sarawak-and-Sabah-for-feeling-left-out |title=Can you blame Sarawak and Sabah for feeling left out? |author=Edgar Ong |publisher=The Ant Daily |date=10 April 2015 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615085243/http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/Can-you-blame-Sarawak-and-Sabah-for-feeling-left-out |archive-date=15 June 2015 }}</ref> Based on 2013 statistics, Sabah has a total of 207 government secondary schools,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://emisportal.moe.gov.my/emis/emis2/emisportal2/doc/fckeditor/File/senarai_sek_09/menengah/SabahM.pdf |title=Senarai Sekolah Menengah di Negeri Sabah (List of Secondary Schools in Sabah) |publisher=Educational Management Information System |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110144612/http://emisportal.moe.gov.my/emis/emis2/emisportal2/doc/fckeditor/File/senarai_sek_09/menengah/SabahM.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2015 }}</ref> five [[international school]]s (comprising Charis International School,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.charis.edu.my/ |title=Main Page |journal=Scholarpedia |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |publisher=Charis International School Borneo Tawau |access-date=17 August 2016|bibcode=2006SchpJ...1....1I |last1=Izhikevich |first1=Eugene |year=2006 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Kinabalu International School,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kis.edu.my/ |title=Welcome to KIS |publisher=Kinabalu International School |access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> Sayfol International School,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Main Page |journal=Scholarpedia |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |publisher=Sayfol International School Sabah |bibcode=2006SchpJ...1....1I |last1=Izhikevich |first1=Eugene |year=2006 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> as well the Indonesian School of Kota Kinabalu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.edu.my/kjs/index.html |title=Kota Kinabalu Indonesian School |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823043829/http://www.sikk.edu.my/ |archive-date=23 August 2015 }}</ref> and Japanese School of Kota Kinabalu).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.edu.my/kjs/index.html |title=Kinabalu Japanese School |access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> and nine [[Chinese independent high school|Chinese independent schools]]. Sabah has a considerable number of indigenous students enrolled in Chinese schools.<ref name="bcs">{{cite web |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/135077 |title=55,975 bumiputera pupils in Chinese schools |work=Bernama |publisher=The Sun |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626080230/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/135077 |archive-date=26 June 2016 }}</ref> Sabah state government also emphasises pre-school education in the state. This was followed with the aid from [[Sabah Foundation]] (Yayasan Sabah) and [[Nestlé]] who helped to establish pre-schools in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yayasansabahgroup.org.my/education.cfm |title=Education |publisher=[[Sabah Foundation|Yayasan Sabah]] |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817102842/http://www.yayasansabahgroup.org.my/education.cfm |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nestle.com.my/csv/CreatingSharedValueCaseStudies/AllCaseStudies/sabah_education |title=Nestlé Community Kindergarten (Malaysia) |publisher=[[Nestlé]] |date=17 August 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817103244/http://www.nestle.com.my/csv/CreatingSharedValueCaseStudies/AllCaseStudies/sabah_education |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> Sabah has two public universities: [[Universiti Malaysia Sabah]] (UMS) and [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]] (UiTM). [[Universiti Tun Abdul Razak]] (UNIRAZAK) has set up their regional centre in Kota Kinabalu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etawau.com/edu/UniversitiesPrivate/UNIRAZAK.htm |title=Universiti Tun Abdul Razak (UNIRAZAK) Sabah Regional Centre |publisher=e-tawau |date=10 March 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817105902/http://www.etawau.com/edu/UniversitiesPrivate/UNIRAZAK.htm |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> As of 2016, there is around 15 private colleges, two private university colleges together with other newly established colleges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etawau.com/edu/IndexCollegeSabah.htm |title=Colleges and Universities in Sabah |publisher=e-tawau |date=20 June 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817111131/http://www.etawau.com/edu/IndexCollegeSabah.htm |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> In 1960, the overall literacy rate in North Borneo was only 24%.<ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas Henry Silcock |title=The Political Economy of Independent Malaya: A Case-study in Development |url=https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy0000silc |url-access=registration |year=1963 |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy0000silc/page/46 46] |id=GGKEY:LTF1ABP2J6P}}</ref> The recent findings in 2011 found the literacy rate have increase to 79%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiafoundation.org/2012/09/05/in-remote-sabah-books-can-help-reduce-isolation/ |title=In Remote Sabah, Books Can Help Reduce Isolation |author1=Amir Shariff |author2=Wendy Rockett |publisher=[[The Asia Foundation]] |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813082522/http://asiafoundation.org/2012/09/05/in-remote-sabah-books-can-help-reduce-isolation/ |archive-date=13 August 2016 }}</ref> Most of secondary schools leavers also did not continue their studies after completing their [[Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia]] (SPM) mainly due to financial burden as well because of the lack of interest and confidence to continue their studies in local higher learning institutes, with a survey in 2015 saw only 16,000 out of more than 20,000 secondary schools leavers continuing their studies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/08/28/most-sabah-spm-leavers-not-continuing-studies/ |title=Most Sabah SPM leavers not continuing studies |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=28 August 2015 |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816084140/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/08/28/most-sabah-spm-leavers-not-continuing-studies/ |archive-date=16 August 2016 }}</ref> [[File:Sandakan Sabah School-boys-in-their-school-uniform-01.jpg|thumb|left|Sabahan secondary school students in their [[School uniforms by country#Malaysia|uniform]].]] In early 2016, Sabah had a total number of 42,047 teachers teaching in various pre-schools, primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=112062 |title=Teachers warned on verbal abuse |newspaper=Daily Express |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822051255/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=112062 |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> Following the decentralisation of power from the federal government to state government as well to improve the education in the state, there has been a target to reach 90% of teachers from Sabahans itself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/17/sabah-sarawak-granted-more-autonomy-in-administration/ |title=Sabah, Sarawak granted more autonomy in administration |author=Nancy Lai |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=17 September 2015 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822052610/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/17/sabah-sarawak-granted-more-autonomy-in-administration/ |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> [[Sabah State Library]] are the main public library in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssl.sabah.gov.my/ |title=Home Page |publisher=Sabah State Library |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209124353/http://ssl.sabah.gov.my/ }}</ref> There is another 11 Indonesian schools (beside the main Indonesian school in the state capital) spreading across Sabah mainly for Indonesian migrants children residing in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kemlu.go.id/kotakinabalu/id/arsip/lembar-informasi/Pages/DAFTAR-SEKOLAH-INDONESIA-DI-SABAH.aspx |title=Daftar Sekolah Indonesia di Sabah |trans-title=List of Indonesian Schools in Sabah |language=id |publisher=Konsulat Jenderal Republik Indonesia di Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia |date=27 April 2010 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063604/https://www.kemlu.go.id/kotakinabalu/id/arsip/lembar-informasi/Pages/DAFTAR-SEKOLAH-INDONESIA-DI-SABAH.aspx }}</ref> Since 2014, Filipino migrants children also have been enrolled to recently established Alternative Learning Centre (ALC) that was set-up by [[Filipinos in Malaysia|Filipino volunteers in Sabah]] with a collaboration with various local non-governmental organisations (NGO).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/press-releases/deped-expands-educ-access-filipino-children-sabah |title=DepEd expands educ access for Filipino children in Sabah |publisher=[[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education, Philippines]] |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817090540/http://www.deped.gov.ph/press-releases/deped-expands-educ-access-filipino-children-sabah |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref>
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