Editing Rotterdam (section)

== Architecture ==
{{see also|List of tallest buildings in Rotterdam}}
[[File:Kop van Zuid DSCF5860.jpg|thumb|350px|right|The Wilhelmina pier at the [[Kop van Zuid]] in the distance, on the left the [[Erasmus Bridge]] can be seen]]
Rotterdam has become world famous because of its modern and groundbreaking architecture. Throughout the years the city has been nicknamed ''[[Manhattan]] at the Meuse''<ref>{{cite web |title=Rotterdam in de wolken |url=http://www.rtm-xl.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Artikel-Trouw-Pg1-en-Pg2-klein.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134839/http://www.rtm-xl.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Artikel-Trouw-Pg1-en-Pg2-klein.jpg |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manhattan on the Meuse continued |url=https://www.vesteda.com/en/rotterdam-new-orleans/algemeen/manhattan-on-the-meuse-continued.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134842/https://www.vesteda.com/en/rotterdam-new-orleans/algemeen/manhattan-on-the-meuse-continued.aspx |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |publisher=vesteda.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zo gaat 'Manhattan aan de Maas' eruit zien - RTV Rijnmond |url=https://www.rijnmond.nl/media/74143/Zo-gaat-Manhattan-aan-de-Maas-eruit-zien |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827133728/https://www.rijnmond.nl/media/74143/Zo-gaat-Manhattan-aan-de-Maas-eruit-zien |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |publisher=Rijnmond.nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vijf must sees in het Manhattan aan de Maas |date=8 November 2014 |url=https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/vijf-must-sees-in-het-manhattan-aan-de-maas~b7bddea4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827133728/https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/vijf-must-sees-in-het-manhattan-aan-de-maas~b7bddea4/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 November 2013 |title=Foto's: Rotterdam wordt Manhattan aan de Maas |url=http://www.metronieuws.nl/binnenland/2013/11/fotos-rotterdam-wordt-manhattan-aan-de-maas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134848/https://www.metronieuws.nl/binnenland/2013/11/fotos-rotterdam-wordt-manhattan-aan-de-maas |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |publisher=Metronieuws.nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Architecture in Rotterdam |url=http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations/rotterdam/architecture-in-rotterdam-1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215162927/http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations/rotterdam/architecture-in-rotterdam-1.htm |archive-date=15 December 2016 |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref> and ''The architectural capital of the Netherlands''<ref>{{cite web |title=Rotterdam - architectural tour - Architecture Tour Amsterdam, Rotterdam Holland and architectural guided travel, tours, excursions, study trips of the Netherlands |url=http://www.architecturetours.nl/Rotterdam-architectural-tour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134846/https://www.architecturetours.nl/Rotterdam-architectural-tour |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |publisher=Architecturetours.nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stunning Structures: The Best of Rotterdam's Architecture |date=19 August 2014 |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/the-netherlands/articles/stunning-structures-the-best-of-rotterdam-s-architecture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134834/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/the-netherlands/articles/stunning-structures-the-best-of-rotterdam-s-architecture/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |publisher=Theculturetrip.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Architectuur in Rotterdam |url=http://www.nieuws.top010.nl/architectuur-in-rotterdam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925024545/https://nieuws.top010.nl/architectuur-in-rotterdam |archive-date=25 September 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref> both for its skyline and because it is home to internationally leading architectural firms involved in the design of famous buildings and bridges in other big cities. Examples include [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture|OMA]] ([[Rem Koolhaas]]), [[MVRDV]], [[Neutelings Riedijk Architects|Neutelings & Riedijk]] and [[Erick van Egeraat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Architectuur in Rotterdam |url=http://www.cityguiderotterdam.com/nl/er-op-uit/architectuur/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134848/https://www.cityguiderotterdam.com/nl/er-op-uit/architectuur/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=Discover the architecture of Rotterdam |url=http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations/rotterdam/architecture-in-rotterdam-1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215162927/http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations/rotterdam/architecture-in-rotterdam-1.htm |archive-date=15 December 2016 |access-date=27 August 2019 |publisher=Holland.com}}</ref> It has the reputation in being a platform for architectural development and education through the NAi ([[Netherlands Architecture Institute]]), which is open to the public and has a variety of exhibitions on architecture and urban planning issues and prior the [[Berlage Institute]], a postgraduate laboratory of architecture. The city has 38 skyscrapers and 352 high-rises and has many skyscrapers planned or under construction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rotterdam &#124; Buildings |url=https://www.emporis.com/city/100760/rotterdam-netherlands |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324144345/https://www.emporis.com/city/100760/rotterdam-netherlands |archive-date=24 March 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |publisher=Emporis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rotterdam |url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/rotterdam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910134654/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/rotterdam |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |publisher=The Skyscraper Center}}</ref> The top 5 of highest buildings in the Netherlands consists entirely of buildings in Rotterdam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netherlands |url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/country/netherlands |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910134858/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/country/netherlands |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |publisher=The Skyscraper Center}}</ref> It is home to the two tallest buildings in the Netherlands, the [[Maastoren]] with a height of 165 meters and the [[De Zalmhaven|Zalmhaven Tower]] (completed in 2021) with a height of 215 meters.

===History===
In 1898, the {{cvt|45|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off}} high-rise office building the White House (in Dutch [[Witte Huis]]) was completed, at that time the tallest office building in Europe.
In the first decades of the 20th century, some influential architecture in the modern style was built in Rotterdam. Notable are the [[Van Nelle Factory|Van Nelle fabriek]] (1929) a monument of modern factory design by [[Johannes Brinkman|Brinkman]] and [[Leendert van der Vlugt|Van der Vlugt]], the [[Art Nouveau|Jugendstil]] clubhouse of the [[Royal Maas Yacht Club]] designed by Hooijkaas jr. en Brinkman (1909), and [[Feyenoord]]'s football stadium [[De Kuip]] (1936) also by [[Johannes Brinkman|Brinkman]] and [[Leendert van der Vlugt|Van der Vlugt]]. The architect [[Jacobus Oud|J. J. P. Oud]] was a famous Rotterdammer in those days. The Van Nelle Factory obtained the status of UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 2014.
During the early stages of [[World War II]] the centre of Rotterdam was [[Rotterdam Blitz|bombed]] by the German [[Luftwaffe]], destroying many of the older buildings in the centre of the city. After an initial crisis re-construction, the centre of Rotterdam has become the site of the ambitious new architecture.
[[File:Kubuswoningen in rotterdam.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Cube house|Cube Houses]], popularly known as the ''Blaak-forest'' in 2014]]
[[File:Markthal Rotterdam bij avond.jpg|thumb|The [[Market hall (Rotterdam)|Markthal]] at night as seen from the Binnenrotte]]
[[File:Euromast2.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Euromast]] in 2005]]

Rotterdam is also famous for its [[Lijnbaan]] 1952 by architects Broek en Bakema, Peperklip by architect Carel Weeber, Kubuswoningen or [[cube house]]s designed by architect [[Piet Blom]] 1984.

The newest landmark in Rotterdam is the [[Market hall (Rotterdam)|Markthal]], designed by architect firm [[MVRDV]]. In addition to that, there are many international well-known architects based in Rotterdam like [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture|O.M.A]] ([[Rem Koolhaas]]), [[Neutelings Riedijk Architects|Neutelings & Riedijk]] and [[Erick van Egeraat]] to name a few. Two architectural landmarks are located in the Lloydkwartier: the STC college building and the [[Schiecentrale|Schiecentrale 4b]]. The construction of the Depot of the [[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]] was started in 2003 and was officially opened by king Willem-Alexander on 5 November 2021. It is the world's first fully accessible art depot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/10/depot-boijmans-van-beuningen |title=MVRDV - Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen |publisher=Mvrdv.nl |date= |accessdate=10 February 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110131514/https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/10/depot-boijmans-van-beuningen |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Erasmusbrug across the Nieuwe Maas river.jpg|thumb|[[Erasmusbrug|Erasmus Bridge]] in 2011]]

[[File:Montevideo 2010.JPG|thumb|right|upright|The former headquarters of the [[Holland America Line]] next to modern residential architecture in 2010]]Rotterdam also houses several of the tallest structures in the Netherlands.
*The [[Erasmusbrug]] (1996) is a 790-meter (2,600&nbsp;ft) cable-stayed bridge linking the north and south of Rotterdam. It is held up by a {{cvt|138|m|ft}} tall pylon with a characteristic bend, earning the bridge its nickname 'De Zwaan' ('the Swan').
*Rotterdam has the tallest residential building in the Netherlands: the [[De Zalmhaven|De Zalmhaven Tower]] ({{cvt|215|m|ft|1}}).
*Rotterdam is also home to the tallest office building '[[Maastoren]]' ({{cvt|164.75|m|ft|disp=or}}) which houses [[Deloitte]]. This office tower surpassed the 'Delftse Poort' ({{cvt|160|m|ft|disp=or}}) which houses Nationale-Nederlanden insurance company, part of [[ING Group]] as tallest office tower in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=ING building brief |url=http://inghouse.ing.com/intra/eng/buildings/delftsepoort.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308113741/http://inghouse.ing.com/intra/eng/buildings/delftsepoort.html |archive-date=8 March 2005 |access-date=15 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Emporis Maastoren |url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=maastoren-rotterdam-nestreetrlands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106054009/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=maastoren-rotterdam-nestreetrlands |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 November 2012 |access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref>
*The skyline of Rotterdam also houses the {{cvt|185|m|ft}} tall [[Euromast]], which is a major [[tourism|tourist]] attraction. It was built in 1960, initially reaching a height of {{cvt|101|m|ft}}; in 1970, the Euromast was extended by {{cvt|85|m|ft}}.

Rotterdam has a reputation for being a platform for architectural development and education through the Berlage Institute, a postgraduate laboratory of architecture, and the NAi ([[Netherlands Architecture Institute]]), which is open to the public and has a variety of exhibitions on architecture and urban planning issues.

Over 30 new highrise projects are being developed. A Guardian journalist wrote in 2013 that "All this is the consequence of the city suffering a bombardment of two things: bombs and architects."<ref name="Wainwright 2013" />
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===Parks===
Within Rotterdam's urban structure, parks and greenery play an important role. A number of well-known parks in Rotterdam are:[[File:Arboretum Trompenburg Nl 2.jpg|thumb|right|Arboretum Trompenburg]]
*''Het Park'' ([[:nl:Het_Park_(Rotterdam)|Het Park bij de Euromast]]), is a 70 acres park on the Maas, south of the Westzeedijk, at the [[Euromast]]. The eastern half of the park was constructed between 1852 and 1863 to a design by the firm Jan David Zocher. The western part was added in 1866 with some modifications. The first [[Floriade (Netherlands)|Floriade]] in 1960 was held in Het Park, with the Euromast observation tower being erected to mark the event. [[Rijksmonument|National Heritage site]] since 2011. Originally, the park continued across the Westzeedijk, were the Medical Faculty was built in the 1960s (now Erasmus MC). See also: Museumpark.
*[[Museumpark]], close to Het Park, was originally designed in 1927 by architect W.G. Witteveen, who also designed [[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]]. Today, several museums have clustered around the park. 
*[[Diergaarde Blijdorp]], which is situated on the northwest side of Rotterdam, complete with a walkthrough sea aquarium, called the [[Oceanium]].
*[[Arboretum Trompenburg]] in [[Kralingen]]. The park dates back to 1820, but it was only after it was opened to the public in 1958 that the park, which was managed by the (Van Hoey) Smith family for generations, gained wider attention. The park, approximately 20 acres in size, contains approximately 4,000 different types of trees, shrubs and perennials, amongst others the national plant collections of [[conifers]], ''[[Quercus]]'', ''[[Beech|Fagus]]'', ''[[Rhododendron]]'', ''[[Ligustrum]]'', ''[[Rodgersia]]'' and ''[[Hosta]]''.
*''Park Schoonoord'' (3 acres) is located in the [[Scheepvaartkwartier]] and was designed in its current form in 1860 by Jan David Zocher.
*The [[Kralingen-Crooswijk|''Kralingse Bos'']] (500 acres) with the [[Kralingse Plas]] (250 acres) is located in the [[Kralingen]] district and has been based on a design by [[Marinus Jan Granpré Molière]] since 1928. In 1953 the Kralingse Bos officially opened.[[File:20070619Rozenburgpark2.jpg|thumb|right|Park Rozenburg]]
*The ''Vroesenpark'' in the district Rotterdam-Noord was laid out from 1929 to a plan by city architect W.G. [[:nl:Willem_Gerrit_Witteveen|Witteveen]].
*The ''Zuiderpark'' (780 acres) is located in the district of [[Charlois]]. The park was laid out as a utility park from 1952 and not as an ornamental park.

*''Park Rozenburg'' is a {{convert|7.41|acre|ha}} park in the neighbourhood [[Kralingen]]. The park is a protected municipal monument (Dutch: ''Gemeentelijk monument'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Park Rozenburg |url=https://www.rotterdam.nl/park-rozenburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517144615/https://www.rotterdam.nl/park-rozenburg |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rozenburgpark – Een groene oase in de Rotterdamse wijk Kralingen |url=https://rozenburgpark.nl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612085151/https://rozenburgpark.nl/ |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=rozenburgpark.nl}}</ref>

==== Green activities ====
Since 28 May 1994, Rotterdam has had the phenomenon [[wiktionary:opzoomeren|''Opzoomeren'']]. 15% of Rotterdam residents (about 100,000 residents) say they participate in this phenomenon.<ref>Data Omnibus Survey 2016 of the Municipality of Rotterdam.</ref> At the end of 2020, the city has a record number of 2,503 Opzoomer streets,<ref>[https://www.opzoomermee.nl/over-opzoomeren/ A history of Opzoomeren] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122112948/https://www.opzoomermee.nl/over-opzoomeren/|date=22 November 2022}} (Dutch).</ref> which is mainly reflected in the construction of facade gardens.

[[File:Dakpark Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|right|Dakpark Rotterdam]]
The municipality of Rotterdam is encouraging the construction of [[green roof]]s. There is an attractive subsidy for roof owners and the city has now provided a number of municipal buildings with a green roof. As of 1 January 2020, the water storage capacity requirement has been increased to 30 liters of water storage capacity per square metre. This reduces the burden on the sewer system during heavy rainfall and reduces the risk of flooding on the street.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groene daken |url=https://www.rotterdam.nl/wonen-leven/groene-daken/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231316/https://www.rotterdam.nl/wonen-leven/groene-daken/ |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
*The city's largest green roof is located on top of the [[Groothandelsgebouw]] next to Central Station.
*The ''Dakakker'' is the largest roof farm in Europe on top of the Schieblok.
*The ''Dakpark'' is an elongated, narrow park in the district [[Bospolder-Tussendijken]] in Rotterdam-West. It has been built at a height of about nine meters, is about 85 meters wide and extends for about a kilometer from Hudson Square to near Marconi Square.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161230161647/http://www.nederlandwordtanders.nl/projecten/dakpark-rotterdam/ Article about Dakpark on Nederlandwordtanders.nl]</ref>
*The municipality of Rotterdam will provide the flat roof of the conference and concert building [[De Doelen]] with greenery and water storage. The design for the roof was made by Kraijvanger Architects.<ref>Robert Muis (ed.). De Doelen Rotterdam will have a green roof with water storage. On: [https://architectenweb.nl/nieuws/ artikel.aspx?ID=49365 Architectenweb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517150110/https://architectenweb.nl/nieuws/|date=17 May 2022}}, 1 June 2021.</ref>