Editing Rotavirus (section)

== Epidemiology ==
''Rotavirus A'', which accounts for more than 90% of rotavirus gastroenteritis in humans,<ref name="pmid16418157">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leung AK, Kellner JD, Davies HD |s2cid=39847059 |title=Rotavirus gastroenteritis |journal=Advances in Therapy |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=476–487 |year=2005 |pmid=16418157 |doi=10.1007/BF02849868 }}</ref> is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] worldwide. Each year rotaviruses cause millions of cases of diarrhoea in developing countries, almost 2{{nbsp}}million of which result in hospitalisation.<ref name="pmid17919334" /> In 2019, an estimated 151,714 children younger than five died from rotavirus infections, 90 percent of whom were in developing countries.<ref name="pmid35643565" /> Almost every child has been infected with rotaviruses by age five.<ref name="pmid19252423" /><ref name="pmid16494759">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Parashar UD, Gibson CJ, Bresse JS, Glass RI |title=Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea
|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases
|volume=12
|issue=2
|pages=304–306
|year=2006
|pmid=16494759
|doi=10.3201/eid1202.050006
|pmc=3373114
}}</ref> Rotaviruses are the leading single cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and children, are responsible for about a third of the cases requiring hospitalisation,<ref name=":1" /> and cause 37% of deaths attributable to diarrhoea and 5% of all deaths in children younger than five.<ref name="pmid22030330">{{cite journal|year= 2012|title=2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=2|pages=136–141|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70253-5|pmid=22030330|vauthors=Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Steele AD, Duque J, Parashar UD|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1260248}}</ref> Boys are twice as likely as girls to be admitted to hospital for rotavirus infections.<ref name="pmid16397429">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rheingans RD, Heylen J, Giaquinto C |s2cid=3272810 |title=Economics of rotavirus gastroenteritis and vaccination in Europe: what makes sense? |journal=Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal |volume=25 |issue= Suppl 1|pages=S48–S55 |year=2006 |pmid=16397429 |doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000197566.47750.3d|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid8752285">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ryan MJ, Ramsay M, Brown D, Gay NJ, Farrington CP, Wall PG |title=Hospital admissions attributable to rotavirus infection in England and Wales |journal=Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=174 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S12–S18 |year=1996 |pmid=8752285 |doi=10.1093/infdis/174.Supplement_1.S12|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the pre-vaccination era, rotavirus infections occurred primarily during cool, dry seasons.<ref name="pmid19939844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Atchison CJ, Tam CC, Hajat S, van Pelt W, Cowden JM, Lopman BA |title=Temperature-dependent transmission of rotavirus in Great Britain and The Netherlands |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=277 |issue=1683 |pages=933–942 |year=2010 |pmid=19939844 |pmc=2842727 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1755}}</ref><ref name="pmid19056806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy K, Hubbard AE, Eisenberg JN |title=Seasonality of rotavirus disease in the tropics: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=1487–1496 |year= 2009 |pmid=19056806 |pmc=2800782 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyn260 }}</ref> The number attributable to food contamination is unknown.<ref name="pmid10088906">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koopmans M, Brown D |title=Seasonality and diversity of Group A rotaviruses in Europe |journal=Acta Paediatrica  |volume=88 |issue=Suppl 426 |pages=14–19 |year=1999 |pmid=10088906 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14320.x|s2cid=10969637 }}</ref>

Outbreaks of ''rotavirus A'' diarrhoea are common among hospitalised infants, young children attending day care centres, and elderly people in nursing homes.<ref name="pmid14871633" /><ref name="pmid25944726">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sassi HP, Sifuentes LY, Koenig DW, Nichols E, Clark-Greuel J, Wong LF, McGrath K, Gerba CP, Reynolds KA |title=Control of the spread of viruses in a long-term care facility using hygiene protocols |journal=American Journal of Infection Control |volume=43 |issue=7 |pages=702–706 |year=2015 |pmid=25944726 |doi=10.1016/j.ajic.2015.03.012 |doi-access=free }}</ref> An outbreak caused by contaminated municipal water occurred in Colorado in 1981.<ref name="pmid6320684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins RS, Gaspard GB, Williams FP, Karlin RJ, Cukor G, Blacklow NR |title=A community waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak: evidence for rotavirus as the agent |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=263–265 |year=1984 |pmid=6320684 |pmc=1651463 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.74.3.263}}</ref> During 2005, the largest recorded epidemic of diarrhoea occurred in Nicaragua. This unusually large and severe outbreak was associated with mutations in the ''rotavirus A'' genome, possibly helping the virus escape the prevalent immunity in the population.<ref name="pmid17229854">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Bucardo F, Karlsson B, Nordgren J, Paniagua M, González A, Amador JJ, Espinoza F, Svensson L|title=Mutated G4P&#91;8&#93; rotavirus associated with a nationwide outbreak of gastroenteritis in Nicaragua in 2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=990–997 |year=2007 |pmid=17229854 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01992-06 |pmc=1829148}}</ref> A similar large outbreak occurred in Brazil in 1977.<ref name="pmid6263087">{{cite journal |vauthors=Linhares AC, Pinheiro FP, Freitas RB, Gabbay YB, Shirley JA, Beards GM |title=An outbreak of rotavirus diarrhea among a non-immune, isolated South American Indian community |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=703–710 |year=1981 |pmid=6263087|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113151}}</ref>

''Rotavirus B'', also called adult diarrhoea rotavirus or ADRV, has caused major epidemics of severe diarrhoea affecting thousands of people of all ages in China. These epidemics occurred as a result of sewage contamination of drinking water.<ref name="pmid6144874">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hung T, Wang C, Fang Z, Chou Z, Chang X, Liong X, Chen G, Yao H, Chao T, Ye W, Den S, Chang W |title=Waterborne outbreak of rotavirus diarrhea in adults in China caused by a novel rotavirus |journal=The Lancet |volume=323 |issue=8387 |pages=1139–1142 |year=1984 |pmid=6144874 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91391-6|s2cid=54346351 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2555422">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Fang ZY, Ye Q, Ho MS, Dong H, Qing S, Penaranda ME, Hung T, Wen L, Glass RI |title=Investigation of an outbreak of adult diarrhea rotavirus in China |journal=Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=160 |issue=6 |pages=948–953 |year=1989 |pmid=2555422 |doi=10.1093/infdis/160.6.948}}</ref> ''Rotavirus B'' infections also occurred in India in 1998; the causative strain was named CAL. Unlike ADRV, the CAL strain is endemic.<ref name="pmid15310177">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kelkar SD, Zade JK |title=Group B rotaviruses similar to strain CAL-1, have been circulating in Western India since 1993 |journal=Epidemiology and Infection |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=745–749 |year=2004 |pmid=15310177 |pmc=2870156 |doi=10.1017/S0950268804002171 | s2cid = 34463384}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahmed MU, Kobayashi N, Wakuda M, Sanekata T, Taniguchi K, Kader A, Naik TN, Ishino M, Alam MM, Kojima K, Mise K, Sumi A |title=Genetic analysis of group B human rotaviruses detected in Bangladesh in 2000 and 2001 |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=149–155 |year=2004 |pmid=14635024 |doi=10.1002/jmv.10546|s2cid=21258083 }}</ref> To date, epidemics caused by ''rotavirus B'' have been confined to [[mainland China]], and surveys indicate a lack of immunity to this species in the United States.<ref name="pmid2479654">{{cite journal |vauthors=Penaranda ME, Ho MS, Fang ZY, Dong H, Bai XS, Duan SC, Ye WW, Estes MK, Echeverria P, Hung T |title=Seroepidemiology of adult diarrhea rotavirus in China, 1977 to 1987 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=2180–2183 |year=1989 |pmid=2479654 |pmc=266989 |doi= 10.1128/JCM.27.10.2180-2183.1989}}</ref> ''Rotavirus C'' has been associated with rare and sporadic cases of diarrhoea in children, and small outbreaks have occurred in families.<ref name="pmid20491826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moon S, Humphrey CD, Kim JS, Baek LJ, Song JW, Song KJ, Jiang B |title=First detection of group C rotavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in South Korea |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=244–247 |year=2011 |pmid=20491826 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03270.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>

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File:Rotavirus seasonal distribution.png|The seasonal variation of ''rotavirus A'' infections in England: rates of infection peak during the winter months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/rotavirus-vaccination-progarmme-for-infants|title=Rotavirus vaccination programme for infants|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Public Health England|date=26 July 2013}}</ref>
File:Avertable-deaths-from-rotavirus-with-full-vaccine-coverage.png|Preventable child deaths from rotavirus vaccination, 2016. Annual number of preventable deaths in children under five years old from rotavirus if full coverage of the rotavirus vaccine was achieved.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/rotavirus-vaccine|title=Rotavirus vaccine – an effective tool that prevents children dying from diarrhea|vauthors=Dadonaite B, [[Hannah Ritchie|Ritchie H]]|journal=Our World in Data |year=2019}}</ref>
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