Editing Redlining (section)

==== Insurance ====
Gregory D. Squires wrote in 2003 that data showed that race continues to affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry.<ref name="Squires2016">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1467-9906.t01-1-00168 |title=Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas |journal=Journal of Urban Affairs |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=391–410 |year=2016 |last1=Squires |first1=Gregory D |s2cid=10070258}}</ref> [[Racial profiling]] or redlining has a long history in the property-insurance industry in the United States.<ref name="Journal of American History 2021"/> From a review of industry underwriting and marketing materials, court documents, and research by government agencies, industry and community groups, and academics, it is clear that race has long affected and continues to affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry.<ref name="Squires2016" /> Home-insurance agents may try to assess the ethnicity of a potential customer just by telephone, affecting what services they offer to inquiries about purchasing a home insurance policy. This type of discrimination is called [[Linguistic Profiling|linguistic profiling]].<ref name="SquiresChadwick2006">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1078087405281064 |title=Linguistic Profiling |journal=Urban Affairs Review |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=400–15 |year=2016 |last1=Squires |first1=Gregory D |last2=Chadwick |first2=Jan |s2cid=154136739}}</ref> There have also been concerns raised about redlining in the [[car insurance|automotive insurance]] industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Michigan to crack down on uninsured drivers |url=http://www.itd.idaho.gov/transporter/2003/080803_Trans/080803_MIuninsured.html |author=Karen Bouffard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128033237/http://www.itd.idaho.gov/transporter/2003/080803_Trans/080803_MIuninsured.html |archive-date=2007-11-28 |work=[[The Detroit News]] |via=Idaho Transportation Department |url-status=dead}}</ref> Reviews of [[insurance score]]s based on credit are shown to have unequal results by ethnic group. The Ohio Department of Insurance in the early 21st century allows insurance providers to use maps and collection of demographic data by ZIP code in determining insurance rates. The FHEO Director of Investigations at the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|Department of Housing and Urban Development]], Sara Pratt, wrote:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fairhousing.com/resources/history-insurance-redlining |title=The History of Insurance Redlining |website=National Fair Housing Advocate Online |access-date=2017-03-16 |archive-date=2017-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143050/https://fairhousing.com/resources/history-insurance-redlining |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<blockquote>Like other forms of discrimination, the history of insurance redlining began in conscious, overt racial discrimination practiced openly and with significant community support in communities throughout the country. There was documented overt discrimination in practices relating to residential housing—from the appraisal manuals which established an articulated "policy" of preferences based on race, religion and national origin. to lending practices which only made loans available in certain parts of town or to certain borrowers, to the decision-making process in loans and insurance which allowed the insertion of discriminatory assessments into final decisions about either.</blockquote>