Editing Psychology (section)

=== Existential-humanistic ===
{{main|Existential psychology|Humanistic psychology}}
[[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|Psychologist [[Abraham Maslow]] in 1943 posited that humans have a hierarchy of needs, and it makes sense to fulfill the basic needs first before higher-order needs can be met.<ref name=honolulu>{{cite web|url=http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/maslow.htm |title=Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |publisher=Honolulu.hawaii.edu |access-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211014419/http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/maslow.htm |archive-date=11 February 2010 }}</ref>]]
[[Humanistic psychology]], which has been influenced by existentialism and phenomenology,<ref>{{cite book|last=Benjafield|first=John G.|title=A History of Psychology: Third Edition|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Don Mills, ON|isbn=978-0-19-543021-9|pages=357–362}}</ref> stresses [[free will]] and [[self-actualization]].<ref name="Oxford University Press 2015">Oxford University Press. (2015). ''A Dictionary of Psychology, 4th ed.'' Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford: Author. {{ISBN|9780199657681}}</ref> It emerged in the 1950s as a movement within academic psychology, in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gazzaniga|first=Michael|title=Psychological Science|year=2010|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-93421-2|page=23}}</ref> The humanistic approach seeks to view the whole person, not just fragmented parts of the personality or isolated cognitions.<ref>Rowan, John. (2001). ''Ordinary Ecstasy: The Dialectics of Humanistic Psychology.'' London, UK: Brunner-Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-23633-9}}</ref> Humanistic psychology also focuses on personal growth, [[self-concept|self-identity]], death, aloneness, and freedom. It emphasizes subjective meaning, the rejection of determinism, and concern for positive growth rather than pathology. Some founders of the humanistic school of thought were American psychologists [[Abraham Maslow]], who formulated a [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs|hierarchy of human needs]], and [[Carl Rogers]], who created and developed [[client-centered therapy]].<ref name=Kramer1995>{{cite journal |last1=Kramer |first1=Robert |title=The Birth of Client-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers, Otto Rank, and 'The Beyond' |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |date=October 1995 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=54–110 |doi=10.1177/00221678950354005 |s2cid=145059656 }}</ref>

Later, [[positive psychology]] opened up humanistic themes to scientific study. Positive psychology is the study of factors which contribute to human happiness and well-being, focusing more on people who are currently healthy. In 2010, ''Clinical Psychological Review'' published a special issue devoted to positive psychological interventions, such as [[gratitude journal]]ing and the physical expression of gratitude. It is, however, far from clear that positive psychology is effective in making people happier.<ref name = "Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich, B. (2009). ''Bright-sided: How the relentless promotion of positive thinking has undermined America''. New York: Henry Holt. {{ISBN|978-0-8050-8749-9}}</ref><ref name = "Singal">Singal, J. (2021, June 7). Positive psychology goes to war: How the Army adopted an untested, evidence-free approach to fighting PTSD. ''Chronicle of Higher Education''.</ref> Positive psychological interventions have been limited in scope, but their effects are thought to be somewhat better than [[placebo]] effects.

The ''American Association for Humanistic Psychology'', formed in 1963, declared:

{{blockquote|text=Humanistic psychology is primarily an orientation toward the whole of psychology rather than a distinct area or school. It stands for respect for the worth of persons, respect for differences of approach, open-mindedness as to acceptable methods, and interest in exploration of new aspects of human behavior. As a "third force" in contemporary psychology, it is concerned with topics having little place in existing theories and systems: e.g., love, creativity, self, growth, organism, basic need-gratification, self-actualization, higher values, being, becoming, spontaneity, play, humor, affection, naturalness, warmth, ego-transcendence, objectivity, autonomy, responsibility, meaning, fair-play, transcendental experience, peak experience, courage, and related concepts.<ref>A.J. Sutich, ''American association for humanistic psychology, Articles of association''. Palo Alto, CA (mimeographed): August 28, 1963; in Severin (ed.), ''Humanistic Viewpoints in Psychology'' (1965), pp. xv–xvi.</ref>}}

Existential psychology emphasizes the need to understand a client's total orientation towards the world. Existential psychology is opposed to reductionism, behaviorism, and other methods that objectify the individual.<ref name="Oxford University Press 2015"/> In the 1950s and 1960s, influenced by philosophers [[Søren Kierkegaard]] and [[Martin Heidegger]], psychoanalytically trained American psychologist [[Rollo May]] helped to develop existential psychology. [[Existential therapy|Existential psychotherapy]], which follows from existential psychology, is a therapeutic approach that is based on the idea that a person's inner conflict arises from that individual's confrontation with the givens of existence. Swiss psychoanalyst [[Ludwig Binswanger]] and American psychologist [[George Kelly (psychologist)|George Kelly]] may also be said to belong to the existential school.<ref name="Hergenhahn3">{{cite book |author=Hergenhahn, B.R. |title=An introduction to the history of psychology |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, California |year=2005 |pages=528–536}}</ref> Existential psychologists tend to differ from more "humanistic" psychologists in the former's relatively neutral view of human nature and relatively positive assessment of anxiety.<ref name="Hergenhahn4">{{cite book |author=Hergenhahn, B.R. |title=An introduction to the history of psychology |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, California |year=2005 |pages=546–547}}</ref> Existential psychologists emphasized the humanistic themes of death, free will, and meaning, suggesting that meaning can be shaped by myths and narratives; meaning can be deepened by the acceptance of free will, which is requisite to living an [[authenticity (philosophy)|authentic]] life, albeit often with anxiety with regard to death.<ref name="Hergenhahn">{{cite book |author=Hergenhahn, B.R. |title=An introduction to the history of psychology |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, California |year=2005 |pages=523–532}}</ref>

Austrian existential psychiatrist and [[Holocaust]] survivor [[Viktor Frankl]] drew evidence of meaning's therapeutic power from reflections upon his own [[internment]].<ref name="Frankl">{{cite book |author=Frankl, V.E. |title=Man's search for meaning (rev. ed.) |url=https://archive.org/details/manssearchforme000fran |url-access=registration |publisher=Washington Square Press |location=New York |year=1984 |page=[https://archive.org/details/manssearchforme000fran/page/86 86]}}</ref> He created a variation of existential psychotherapy called [[logotherapy]], a type of [[existentialism|existentialist]] analysis that focuses on a ''will to meaning'' (in one's life), as opposed to Adler's [[Nietzsche]]an doctrine of ''[[will to power]]'' or Freud's ''[[Pleasure principle (psychology)|will to pleasure]]''.<ref>Seidner, Stanley S. (10 June 2009) [https://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:FrKYAo88ckkJ:www.materdei.ie/media/conferences/a-secular-age-parallel-sessions-timetable.pdf+%22Stan+Seidner%22&hl=en&gl=us "A Trojan Horse: Logotherapeutic Transcendence and its Secular Implications for Theology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501081407/http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache%3AFrKYAo88ckkJ%3Awww.materdei.ie%2Fmedia%2Fconferences%2Fa-secular-age-parallel-sessions-timetable.pdf+%22Stan+Seidner%22&hl=en&gl=us |date=1 May 2011 }}. ''Mater Dei Institute''. p 2.</ref>