Editing Prosthesis (section)

====Feedback====
An additional difference exists in the biofeedback created that allows the user to "feel" what is being held. Voluntary opening systems once engaged provide the holding force so that they operate like a passive vice at the end of the arm. No gripping feedback is provided once the hook has closed around the object being held. Voluntary closing systems provide directly [[Proportional Myoelectric Control|proportional control]] and biofeedback so that the user can feel how much force that they are applying.

In 1997, the [[Colombians|Colombian]] Prof. [[Álvaro Ríos Poveda]], a researcher in bionics in [[Latin America]], developed an upper limb and hand prosthesis with [[sensory feedback]]. This technology allows amputee patients to handle prosthetic hand systems in a more natural way.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rios Poveda|first=Alvaro|url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/2661|title=Myoelectric Prostheses with Sensorial Feedback|date=2002|publisher=Myoelectric Symposium|isbn=978-1-55131-029-9|language=en-US}}</ref>

A recent study showed that by stimulating the median and ulnar nerves, according to the information provided by the artificial sensors from a hand prosthesis, physiologically appropriate (near-natural) sensory information could be provided to an amputee. This feedback enabled the participant to effectively modulate the grasping force of the prosthesis with no visual or auditory feedback.<ref name="pmid 24500407">{{cite journal|s2cid=206682721 |display-authors=6|last1=Raspopovic |first1=Stanisa |last2=Capogrosso |first2=Marco |last3=Petrini |first3=Francesco Maria |last4=Bonizzato |first4=Marco |last5=Rigosa |first5=Jacopo |last6=Di Pino |first6=Giovanni |last7=Carpaneto |first7=Jacopo |last8=Controzzi |first8=Marco |last9=Boretius |first9=Tim |last10=Fernandez |first10=Eduardo |last11=Granata |first11=Giuseppe |last12=Oddo |first12=Calogero Maria |last13=Citi |first13=Luca |last14=Ciancio |first14=Anna Lisa |last15=Cipriani |first15=Christian |last16=Carrozza |first16=Maria Chiara |last17=Jensen |first17=Winnie |last18=Guglielmelli |first18=Eugenio |last19=Stieglitz |first19=Thomas |last20=Rossini |first20=Paolo Maria |last21=Micera |first21=Silvestro |title=Restoring Natural Sensory Feedback in Real-Time Bidirectional Hand Prostheses |journal=Science Translational Medicine |date=5 February 2014 |volume=6 |issue=222 |pages=222ra19|pmid=24500407 |doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.3006820}}</ref>

In February 2013, researchers from [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] in Switzerland and the [[Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies|Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna]] in Italy, implanted electrodes into an amputee's arm, which gave the patient sensory feedback and allowed for real time control of the prosthetic.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/05/bionic-hand-amputee-feels/5229665/ "With a new prosthetic, researchers have managed to restore the sense of touch for a Denmark man who lost his left hand nine years ago."], ''USA Today'', February 5, 2014</ref> With wires linked to nerves in his upper arm, the Danish patient was able to handle objects and instantly receive a sense of touch through the special artificial hand that was created by Silvestro Micera and researchers both in Switzerland and Italy.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/health/artificial-hand-offering/986332.html "Artificial hand offering immediate touch response a success"], ''Channelnewsasia'', February 7, 2014</ref>

In July 2019, this technology was expanded on even further by researchers from the [[University of Utah]], led by Jacob George. The group of researchers implanted electrodes into the patient's arm to map out several sensory precepts. They would then stimulate each electrode to figure out how each sensory precept was triggered, then proceed to map the sensory information onto the prosthetic. This would allow the researchers to get a good approximation of the same kind of information that the patient would receive from their natural hand. Unfortunately, the arm is too expensive for the average user to acquire, however, Jacob mentioned that insurance companies could cover the costs of the prosthetic.<ref>{{Cite web|last=DelViscio|first=Jeffery|title=A Robot Hand Helps Amputees "Feel" Again|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-robot-hand-helps-amputees-feel-again/|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref>