Editing Privacy (section)

==== Canada ====
{{Main|Canadian privacy law}}
Canada is a federal state whose provinces and territories abide by the [[common law]] save the province of Quebec whose legal tradition is the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]]. Privacy in Canada was first addressed through the [[Privacy Act (Canada)|''Privacy Act'']],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Legislative Services |date=2023-09-01 |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Privacy Act |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/ACTS/P-21/page-1.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref> a 1985 piece of legislation applicable to personal information held by government institutions. The provinces and territories would later follow suit with their own legislation. Generally, the purposes of said legislation are to provide individuals rights to access personal information; to have inaccurate personal information corrected; and to prevent unauthorized collection, use, and disclosure of personal information.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Power |first=Michael |title=Access to Information and Privacy |publisher=LexisNexis Canada Inc. |year=2020 |pages=HAP-51 |language=}}</ref> In terms of regulating personal information in the private sector, the federal ''[[Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Legislative Services |date=2019-06-21 |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/p-8.6/page-1.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref> ("PIPEDA") is enforceable in all jurisdictions unless a substantially similar provision has been enacted on the provincial level.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Power |first=Michael |title=Access to Information and Privacy |publisher=LexisNexis Canada Inc. |year=2020 |pages=HAP-81}}</ref> However, inter-provincial or international information transfers still engage PIPEDA.<ref name=":03" /> PIPEDA has gone through two law overhaul efforts in 2021 and 2023 with the involvement of the Office of the Privacy Commissioner and Canadian academics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cofone |first=Ignacio |title=Policy Proposals for PIPEDA Reform to Address Artificial Intelligence |publisher=Office of the Privacy Commissioner |year=2020 |url=https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/about-the-opc/what-we-do/consultations/completed-consultations/consultation-ai/pol-ai_202011/ }}</ref> In the absence of a statutory private right of action absent an OPC investigation, the common law torts of intrusion upon seclusion and public disclosure of private facts, as well as the Civil Code of Quebec may be brought for an infringement or violation of privacy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cofone |first=Ignacio |title=Class Actions in Privacy Law |publisher=Routledge |year=2021}}</ref><ref>Jones v. Tsige, 2012 ONCA 32 (CanLII), online: https://canlii.ca/t/fpnld.</ref> Privacy is also protected under ss. 7 and 8 of the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Legislative Services |date=2020-08-07 |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, THE CONSTITUTION ACTS, 1867 to 1982 |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-12.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref> which is typically applied in the criminal law context.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Penney |first1=Steven |title=Criminal Procedure in Canada |last2=Rondinelli |first2=Vincenzo |last3=James |first3=Stribopoulos |date=2013 |publisher=LexisNexis Canada Inc. |pages=143–77}}</ref> In Quebec, individuals' privacy is safeguarded by articles 3 and 35 to 41 of the [[Civil Code of Quebec]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=- Civil Code of Québec |url=https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/ccq-1991/20170616#:~:text=Every%20person%20has%20a%20right,64,%20a. |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca}}</ref> as well as by s. 5 of the [[Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms|Charter of human rights and freedoms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=- Charter of human rights and freedoms |url=https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/document/cs/c-12 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca}}</ref>