Editing Porcelain (section)

==== Soft paste porcelain ====
[[File:Jar MET DP168331 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Capodimonte porcelain]] jar with three figures of [[Pulcinella]] from the [[commedia dell'arte]], soft-paste, 1745–50.]]
[[File:Chantilly porcelain 1750 1760.jpg|thumb|[[Chantilly porcelain]], soft-paste, 1750-1760]]
{{Main|Soft-paste porcelain}}
The pastes produced by combining clay and powdered glass ([[frit]]) were called ''Frittenporzellan'' in Germany and ''frita'' in Spain.  In France they were known as ''pâte tendre'' and in England as "soft-paste".<ref>Honey, W.B., ''European Ceramic Art'', Faber and Faber, 1952, p.533</ref> They appear to have been given this name because they do not easily retain their shape in the wet state, or because they tend to slump in the kiln under high temperature, or because the body and the glaze can be easily scratched.

=====France=====
Experiments at [[Rouen]] produced the earliest soft-paste in France, but the first important French soft-paste porcelain was made at the [[Saint-Cloud factory]] before 1702. Soft-paste factories were established with the [[Chantilly porcelain|Chantilly manufactory]] in 1730 and at [[Mennecy]] in 1750. The [[Vincennes porcelain factory]] was established in 1740, moving to larger premises at [[Manufacture nationale de Sèvres|Sèvres]]<ref>Munger, Jeffrey (October 2004). "[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sevr/hd_sevr.htm Sèvres Porcelain in the Nineteenth Century]". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 31 October 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903081028/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sevr/hd_sevr.htm|date=September 3, 2016}}</ref> in 1756. Vincennes soft-paste was whiter and freer of imperfections than any of its French rivals, which put Vincennes/Sèvres porcelain in the leading position in France and throughout the whole of Europe in the second half of the 18th century.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/porf/hd_porf.htm Metropolitan Museum of Art] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508063931/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/porf/hd_porf.htm |date=May 8, 2016 }}</ref>

=====Italy=====
[[Doccia porcelain]] of [[Florence]] was founded in 1735 and remains in production, unlike [[Capodimonte porcelain]] which was moved from [[Naples]] to [[Madrid]] by [[Charles III of Spain|its royal owner]], after producing from 1743 to 1759. After a gap of 15 years [[Naples porcelain]] was produced from 1771 to 1806, specializing in [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] styles. All these were very successful, with large outputs of high-quality wares. In and around [[Venice]], Francesco Vezzi was producing hard-paste from around 1720 to 1735; survivals of [[Vezzi porcelain]] are very rare, but less so than from the Hewelke factory, which only lasted from 1758 to 1763. The soft-paste [[Cozzi porcelain|Cozzi factory]] fared better, lasting from 1764 to 1812. The [[Le Nove porcelain|Le Nove factory]] produced from about 1752 to 1773, then was revived from 1781 to 1802.<ref>Battie, 102-105: Le Corbellier, 1-29</ref>

=====England=====
The first soft-paste in England was demonstrated by Thomas Briand to the [[Royal Society]] in 1742 and is believed to have been based on the Saint-Cloud formula. In 1749, Thomas Frye took out a [[patent]] on a porcelain containing bone ash. This was the first [[bone china]], subsequently perfected by [[Josiah Spode]].  [[William Cookworthy]] discovered deposits of kaolin in [[Cornwall]], and his [[Plymouth Porcelain|factory at Plymouth]], established in 1768, used kaolin and [[china stone]] to make hard-paste porcelain with a body composition similar to that of the Chinese porcelains of the early 18th century. But the great success of English ceramics in the 18th century was based on soft-paste porcelain, and refined earthenwares such as [[creamware]], which could compete with porcelain, and had devastated the [[faience]] industries of France and other continental countries by the end of the century.  Most English porcelain from the late 18th century to the present is bone china.

In the twenty-five years after Briand's demonstration, a number of factories were founded in England to make soft-paste tableware and figures:
* [[Chelsea porcelain factory|Chelsea]] (1743)<ref>'Science Of Early English Porcelain.' I.C. Freestone. ''Sixth Conference and Exhibition of the European Ceramic Society''. Vol.1 Brighton, 20–24 June 1999, p.11-17</ref><ref>'The Sites Of The Chelsea Porcelain Factory.' E.Adams. ''Ceramics'' (1), 55, 1986.</ref>
* [[Bow porcelain factory|Bow]] (1745)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bow|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/ceramics/pages/subcategory.asp?subcat_id=725|publisher=Museum of London|access-date=31 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203191921/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/ceramics/pages/subcategory.asp?subcat_id=725|archive-date=3 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bow porcelain bowl, painted by Thomas Craft|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_I-62|publisher=British Museum|access-date=31 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204072816/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/b/bow_porcelain_bowl,_painted_by.aspx|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="british-history.ac.uk">{{cite web|title=Bow porcelain|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22166|work=British History Online|publisher=University of London & History of Parliament Trust|access-date=31 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203183828/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22166|archive-date=3 December 2011}}</ref>
* St James's (1748)<ref name="british-history.ac.uk" /><ref>{{cite web|title=St James's (Charles Gouyn)|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/ceramics/pages/subcategory.asp?subcat_id=727&subcat_name=St+James%27s+%28Charles+Gouyn%29|publisher=Museum of London|access-date=31 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203202942/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/ceramics/pages/subcategory.asp?subcat_id=727&subcat_name=St+James%27s+%28Charles+Gouyn%29|archive-date=3 December 2011}}</ref>
* [[Bristol porcelain]] (1748)
* [[Longton Hall]] (1750)<ref>Ceramic Figureheads. Pt. 3. William Littler And The Origins Of Porcelain In Staffordshire. ''Cookson Mon. Bull. Ceram. Ind.'' (550), 1986.</ref>
* [[Royal Crown Derby]] (1750 or 1757)<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Royal Crown Derby |url=http://www.royalcrownderby.co.uk/history|publisher=Royal Crown Derby|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206195707/http://www.thepotteries.org/features/royal_crown_derby1956.htm History of Royal Crown Derby Co Ltd, from "British Potters and Potteries Today", publ 1956]</ref>
* [[Royal Worcester]] (1751)
* [[Lowestoft porcelain]] (1757)<ref>'The Lowestoft Porcelain Factory, and the Chinese Porcelain Made for the European Market during the Eighteenth Century.' L. Solon. ''The Burlington Magazine''. No. 6. Vol.II. August 1906.</ref>
* [[Wedgwood]] (1759)
* [[Spode]] (1767)