Editing Pope Pius IX (section)

===Universities===
The two papal universities in [[Sapienza University of Rome|Rome]] and [[University of Bologna|Bologna]] suffered much from revolutionary activities in 1848 but their standards in the areas of science, mathematics, philosophy and theology were considered adequate.{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|p=53}} Pius recognized that much had to be done and instituted a reform commission in 1851. During his tenure, Catholics and [[Protestants]] collaborated to found a school in Rome to study international law and train international mediators committed to conflict resolution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gagliarducci |first=Andrea |date=7 September 2013 |title=Pope Francis Carries Forward Papal Commitment to Peace |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/27999/pope-francis-carries-forward-papal-commitment-to-peace |publisher=Catholic News Agency |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> There was one newspaper, ''[[Giornale di Roma]]'', and one periodical, ''[[La Civiltà Cattolica]]'', run by [[Jesuits]].{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|p=53}}