Editing Pope Paul VI (section)

===Church reforms===
[[File:AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|140px|thumb|right|Following his predecessor [[Ambrose of Milan]], Pope Paul VI named [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Mary]] the "[[Mother of the Church]]" during [[Vatican II]].]]

====Synod of Bishops====
On 14 September 1965, he established the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] as a permanent institution of the Catholic Church and an advisory body to the papacy. Several meetings were held on specific issues during his pontificate, such as the Synod of Bishops on evangelization in the modern world, which started on 9 September 1974.<ref name="Franzen 425">{{Harvnb|Franzen|1988|p=425}}</ref>

====Curia reform====
{{Main|Pope Paul VI's reform of the Roman Curia}}
Pope Paul VI knew the [[Roman Curia]] well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with ''Pontificalis Domus'', and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations, and a broader representation of non-Italians in the Curial positions.<ref>{{cite book|language=it|title=Annuario Pontificio|trans-title=Pontifical annuary|year=2005|chapter= Note Storiche|pages=1820 ff}}</ref>

====Age limits and restrictions====
On 6 August 1966, Paul VI asked all bishops to submit their resignations to the pontiff by their 75th birthday. They were not required to do so but "earnestly requested of their own free will to tender their resignation from office".<ref>{{cite web| last=Montini| first=Giovanni Battista| author-link=Giovanni Montini| url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19660806_ecclesiae-sanctae_en.html| publisher=Holy See| title=Apostolic Letter: Ecclesiae Sanctae| date=15 June 1966| access-date=9 January 2017| archive-date=10 December 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210195005/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19660806_ecclesiae-sanctae_en.html| url-status=live}}</ref> He extended this request to all cardinals in ''[[Ingravescentem aetatem]]'' on 21 November 1970, with the further provision that cardinals would relinquish their offices in the [[Roman Curia]] upon reaching their 80th birthday.<ref name=IA>{{cite web | last=Montini | first=Giovanni Battista | author-link=Giovanni Montini | url=https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem.html | publisher=Holy See | title=Apostolic Letter: Ingravescentem aetatem | date=21 November 1970 | access-date=9 January 2017 | language=it | archive-date=5 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205233030/http://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem.html | url-status=live }}</ref> These retirement rules enabled the Pope to fill several positions with younger prelates and reduce the Italian domination of the Roman Curia.{{Sfn|Franzen|1988|p=425}} His 1970 measures also revolutionised papal elections by restricting the right to vote in [[papal conclave]]s to cardinals who had not yet reached their 80th birthday,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hofmann|first1=Paul|title=Voting for Popes Is Barred to Cardinals Over 80|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html|access-date=10 January 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 1970|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826090048/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a class known since then as "cardinal electors". This reduced the power of the Italians and the Curia in the next conclave. Some senior cardinals objected to losing their voting privilege without effect.<ref>{{cite news | work = New York Times | access-date = 9 January 2017 | date = 27 November 1970 | first = Alfred Jr. | last = Friendly | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/27/archives/ottaviani-deplores-papal-action-barring-vote-of-aged-cardinals.html | title = Ottaviani Deplores Papal Action Barring Vote of Aged Cardinals | archive-date = 26 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180826101008/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/27/archives/ottaviani-deplores-papal-action-barring-vote-of-aged-cardinals.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | agency = [[UPI|UP]] | access-date = 9 January 2017 | language = es | title = Crítica de dos Cardenales contra el Papa Paulo VI | date = 26 November 1970 | url = http://www.geocities.ws/verdadunica/pablo_6/ochenta.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170110090747/http://www.geocities.ws/verdadunica/pablo_6/ochenta.html | archive-date = 10 January 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Paul VI's measures also limited the number of cardinal electors to a maximum of 120, a rule disregarded on several occasions by each of his successors.<!-- can add instances of exceeding this limit by JPII, Benedict, and Francis --> Previously, Paul VI himself had been the first pope to increase the number above 120 (from [[Cardinal electors in the 1963 papal conclave|82]] in 1963 to 134 [[Cardinals created by Paul VI#28 April 1969|in April 1969]]; but he reduced the number of cardinal electors below 120 in 1971 by simultaneously introducing the voting age limit).

Some prelates questioned whether he should not apply these retirement rules to himself.<ref>{{cite news | work = Wall Street Journal | access-date = 10 January 2017 | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB954200969808811516 | title = John Paul's Frailty Sparks Debate on Papal Retirement | date = 28 March 2000 | first = Lisa | last = Miller | archive-date = 10 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170110162330/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB954200969808811516 | url-status = live }}</ref> When Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied "Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html|title=Pope Paul VI dies|date=7 August 1978|work=Lewiston Tribune|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522214347/https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Liturgy====
{{Main|Mass of Paul VI}}
Reform of the [[Catholic liturgy|liturgy]], an aim of the 20th-century [[liturgical movement]], mainly in France and Germany, was officially recognised as legitimate by Pius XII in his encyclical ''[[Mediator Dei]]''. During his pontificate, he eased regulations on the obligatory use of Latin in Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals, and other events. In 1951 and 1955, he revised the Easter liturgies, most notably that of the [[Easter Triduum]].{{Sfn|Adam|1985 |pp=47–48}} The [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965) gave some directives in its document ''[[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]'' for a general revision of the [[Roman Missal]]. Within four years of the close of the council, Paul VI promulgated in 1969 the first postconciliar edition, which included three new [[Eucharistic Prayer]]s in addition to the [[Roman Canon]], until then the only [[anaphora (liturgy)|anaphora]] in the [[Roman Rite]]. Use of [[vernacular]] languages was expanded by decision of [[episcopal conference]]s, not by papal command. In addition to his revision of the [[Roman Missal]], Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church.{{Sfn|Adam|1985|p=49}}

These reforms were not universally welcomed. Questions were raised about the need to replace the [[1962 Roman Missal]], which, though decreed on 23 June 1962,<ref>The decree is printed as the first document in the 1962 Roman Missal.</ref> became available only in 1963, a few months before the Second Vatican Council's ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'' decree ordered that it be altered.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.romanitaspress.com/particular-curiosity-of-1962-missal| title = Louis J. Tofari, "A 'Particular' Curiosity of the 1962 Missale Romanum"| access-date = 13 August 2019| archive-date = 13 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190813133501/https://www.romanitaspress.com/particular-curiosity-of-1962-missal| url-status = live}}</ref> Attachment to it led to open ruptures, of which the most widely known is that of [[Marcel Lefebvre]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] granted bishops the right to authorise the use of the 1962 Missal (''[[Quattuor abhinc annos]]'' and ''[[Ecclesia Dei]]'') and in 2007 [[Pope Benedict XVI]], while stating that the Mass of Paul VI and John Paul II "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the ''Forma ordinaria'' – of the Eucharistic Liturgy",<ref>{{cite web |author=Joseph Ratzinger |date=7 July 2007 |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi.html |type=letter |author-link=Pope Benedict XVI |title=To the Bishops on the occasion of the publication of the motu proprio 'Summorum Pontificum' |publisher=Vatican |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215083214/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> gave general permission to priests of the [[Latin Church]] to use either the 1962 Missal or the post-[[Vatican II]] Missal both privately and, under certain conditions, publicly.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html| title = ''Summorum Pontificum''| access-date = 15 January 2021| archive-date = 1 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210201151716/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html| url-status = live}}</ref> In 2021, Pope Francis removed many of faculties granted by Pope Benedict XVI with the publishing of his ''motu proprio'', ''[[Traditionis custodes|Traditionis Custodes]]'', thus limiting the use of 1962 Roman Missal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostolic Letter issued "Motu proprio" by the Supreme Pontiff Francis "Traditionis custodes" on the use of the Roman Liturgy prior to the Reform of 1970, 16 July 2021 {{!}} Francis |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=www.vatican.va |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424084440/https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html |url-status=live }}</ref>