Editing Peshawar (section)

=== Modern era ===
In 1947, Peshawar became part of the newly created state of Pakistan, and emerged as a cultural centre in the country's northwest. The [[partition of India]] saw the departure of many Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs who held key positions in the economy of Peshawar.<ref name="Bahri1986">{{cite book |year=1986 |page=50 |quote=Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs. |title=Papers in language and linguistics, Volume 1 |publisher=Bahri Publications}}</ref><ref name="GeijbelsAddleton">{{cite book |page=38 |quote=Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language' and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country'. Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence. |title=The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan |publisher=Christian Study Centre}}</ref> The [[University of Peshawar]] was established in the city in 1950, and augmented by the amalgamation of nearby British-era institutions into the university.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |title=Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier |date=1995 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=9789693505542 |url=https://archive.org/details/peshawarhistoric0000dani |url-access=registration |quote=peshawar independence. |access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref> Until the mid-1950s, Peshawar was enclosed within a city wall and sixteen gates. In the 1960s, Peshawar was a base for a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation to spy on the [[Soviet Union]], with the [[1960 U-2 incident]] resulting in an aircraft shot down by the Soviets that flew from Peshawar. From the 1960s until the late 1970s, Peshawar was a major stop on the famous [[Hippie trail]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Lonely Planet Journey: The Hippie Trail |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-lonely-planet-journey-the-hippie-trail-6257275.html |access-date=14 June 2017 |work=The Independent |date=5 November 2011 |archive-date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615005133/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-lonely-planet-journey-the-hippie-trail-6257275.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s, Peshawar served as a political centre for the [[CIA]] and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]-trained [[Afghan Mujahideen|mujahideen]] groups based in the camps of [[Afghan refugees]]. It also served as the primary destination for large numbers of Afghan refugees. By 1980, 100,000 refugees a month were entering the province,<ref name="UNHCR" /> with 25% of all refugees living in Peshawar district in 1981.<ref name="UNHCR" /> The arrival of large numbers of Afghan refugees strained Peshawar's infrastructure,<ref name="murtaza" /> and drastically altered the city's demography.<ref name="murtaza">{{cite news |last1=HAIDER |first1=MURTAZA |title=Of refugees, cities and cultures |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/728044 |access-date=5 April 2017 |work=Dawn |date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221140/https://www.dawn.com/news/728044 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Like much of northwest Pakistan, Peshawar has been severely affected by violence from the attacks by the terrorist group, [[Tehrik-i-Taliban]]. Local poets' [[shrine]]s have been targeted by the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Pakistani Taliban]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Sufi shrine bombed, in push to "Talibanize" Pakistan |url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=14662&size=A |access-date=13 December 2012 |newspaper=AsiaNews.it |date=3 June 2009 |first=Qaiser |last=Felix |agency=AsiaNews CF |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105018/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=14662&size=A |url-status=live }}</ref> a [[suicide bomb]] [[Peshawar church bombing|attack]] targeted the historic [[All Saints Church, Peshawar|All Saints Church]] in 2013, and most notably the [[2014 Peshawar school massacre]] in which Taliban militants killed 132 school children. Peshawar suffered 111 acts of [[terrorism in Pakistan|terror]] in 2010,<ref name="SPDC" /> which had declined to 18 in 2014,<ref name="SPDC" /> before the launch of [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]], which further reduced acts of violence throughout Pakistan. A large attack on a [[2022 Peshawar mosque attack|Shiite mosque in the city]] killed dozens and injured 200 people on 4 March 2022. In January 2023, another [[2023 Peshawar mosque bombing|terrorist attack]] occurred at Peshawar in which 100 people were killed.<ref name="Al Jazeera 2023">{{cite web | title=Death toll from Pakistan mosque bombing rises to 100 – Crime News | publisher=Al Jazeera | date=31 January 2023 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/31/pakistan-rescue-operation-peshawar-mosque-suicide-bombing | access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>