Editing Pergamon (section)

===Lower Acropolis===

====Gymnasium====
[[File:Pergamon_Gymnasium_area_086.jpg|thumb|left|Gymnasium area near Upper Terrace]]

A large [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] area was built in the 2nd century BC on the south side of the Acropolis. It consisted of three terraces, with the main entrance at the southeast corner of the lowest terrace. The lowest and southernmost terrace is small and almost free of buildings. It is known as the Lower Gymnasium and has been identified as the boys' gymnasium.<ref>On the Lower Terrace: ''Altertümer von Pergamon''. VI, pp. 5–6, 19–27.</ref> The middle terrace was around 250 metres long and 70 metres wide at the centre. On its north side there was a two-story hall. In the east part of the terrace there was a small [[prostyle]] temple in the [[Corinthian order]].<ref>''Altertümer von Pergamon''. VI, pp. 40–43.</ref> A roofed [[stadium]], known as the Basement Stadium is located between the middle terrace and the upper terrace.<ref>On the Middle gymnasium: ''Altertümer von Pergamon''. VI, pp. 5, 28–43.</ref>

The upper terrace measured 150 x 70 metres square, making it the largest of the three terraces. It consisted of a courtyard surrounded by stoas and other structures, measuring roughly 36 x 74 metres. This complex is identified as a [[palaestra]] and had a theatre-shaped lecture hall beyond the northern stoa, which is probably of Roman date and a large banquet hall in the centre. Further rooms of uncertain function were accessible from the stoas. In the west was a south-facing [[Ionic order|Ionic]] [[antae temple]], the central sanctuary of the gymnasium. The eastern area was replaced with a [[Roman bath|bath complex]] in Roman times. Further Roman baths were constructed to the west of the Ionic temple.<ref>On the upper terrace: ''Altertümer von Pergamon''. VI, pp. 4, 43–79.</ref>

====Sanctuary of Hera====
[[File:Pergamon Tempel der Hera.JPG|thumb|left|Temple and sanctuary of Hera from the west]]
The sanctuary of Hera Basileia ('the Queen') lay north of the upper terrace of the gymnasium. Its structure sits on two parallel terraces, the south one about 107.4 metres above sea level and the north one about 109.8 metres above sea level. The Temple of Hera sat in the middle of the upper terrace, facing to the south, with a {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=mid|-wide}} [[exedra]] to the west and a building whose function is very unclear to the east. The two terraces were linked by a staircase of eleven steps around 7.5 metres wide, descending from the front of the temple.

The temple was about 7 metres wide by 12 metres long, and sat on a three-stepped foundation. It was a [[Doric order|Doric]] tetrastyle [[prostyle]] temple, with three [[triglyph]]s and [[metope]]s for each span in the entablature. All the other buildings in the sanctuary were made out of [[trachyte]], but the visible part of the temple was made of marble, or at least had a marble cladding. The base of the cult image inside the cella supported three cult statues.

The surviving remains of the inscription on the architrave indicate that the building was the temple of Hera Basileia and that it was erected by Attalus II.<ref>On the Sanctuary of Hera: ''Altertümer von Pergamon''. VI, pp. 102–110, Tables I-II, IV–V, VI–VII, VIII, X–XI, XVIII, XXXII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV.</ref>

====Sanctuary of Demeter====
[[File:Pergamon Demeter sanctuary 0098.jpg|thumb|right|Sanctuary of Demeter from the east]]
The Sanctuary of Demeter occupied an area of 50 x 110 metres on the middle level of the south slope of the citadel. The sanctuary was old; its activity can be traced back to the fourth century BC.

The sanctuary was entered through a Propylon from the east, which led to a courtyard surrounded by stoas on three sides. In the centre of the western half of this courtyard, stood the [[Ionic order|Ionic]] temple of [[Demeter]], a straightforward [[Antae temple]], measuring 6.45 x 12.7 metres, with a porch in the [[Corinthian order]] which was added in the time of [[Antoninus Pius]]. The rest of the structure was of Hellenistic date, built in local marble and had a marble frieze decorated with [[bucranium|bucrania]]. About 9.5 metres in front of the east-facing building, there was an altar, which was 7 metres long and 2.3 metres wide. The temple and the altar were built for Demeter by Philetaerus, his brother Eumenes, and their mother Boa.

In the east part of the courtyard, there were more than ten rows of seating laid out in front of the northern stoa for participants in the mysteries of Demeter. Roughly 800 initiates could fit in these seats.<ref>On the sanctuary of Demeter, see: ''Altertümer von Pergamon''. XIII; earlier research in Gottfried Gruben, ''Die Tempel der Griechen''. 3rd edition. Hirmer, München 1980, pp. 437–440.</ref>

====Other structures ====
The lower part of the Acropolis also contains the following structures:

*the House of Attalus
*the Lower Agora and
*the Gate of Eumenes